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Anatomy > Chapter 25: Respiratory System SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Respiratory System SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different type of Gas Exchange

A
  • External
    Respiration
  • Internal
    Respiration`
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2
Q

External
Respiration

A

Between atmosphere & blood

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3
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Between blood & tissues

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4
Q

Internal and external respiration are both driven by _______

A

Both driven by diffusion

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5
Q

What are the two types of division?

A

Upper & Lower
Respiratory Tract
- Conducting portion vs. Respiratory portion

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6
Q

What are the upper respiratory tract functions

A

Gas Conditioning
- Warming
- Moistening
- Particulate matter
• Sound production
•Olfaction
• Protection
- Mucus, airways trap pathogens

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7
Q

Nose and naval cavity

A

Conditioning air
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Goblet cells produce mucus
- Mucus traps particles

External nares (= nostrils)
- Openings
Hyaline cartilage

Vibrissae
Coarse hairs
•Particulate matter
• Roof
- Olfactory epithelium

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8
Q

Nose and nasal cavity (floor and nasal septum)

A

Floor
- Hard palate
• Maxilla & palatines
Soft palate
• Muscle, fat, & epithelium
• Uvula

Nasal septum
- Hyaline cartilage
- Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid
Vomer

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9
Q

Nose and nasal cavity (Lateral Wall and nasal meatuses)

A

Lateral Wall
- Nasal Conchae
• a.ka. turbinates
• Surface area
• Ethmoid bone
- Superior & Middle
Conchae
•Inferior Nasal Concha

Nasal Meatuses
• Passageways
• Between conchae

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10
Q

Nose and nasal cavity (Paranasal Sinuses and Nasolacrimal duct)

A

Paranasal Sinuses
-Not main pathway
- Maxillary sinus (• Drains to middle meatus)

• Nasolacrimal duct
-Tears
- Inferior Meatus

Choanae
- Posterior end of cavity

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11
Q

Pharynx

A

Posterior to nas cavities
• Respiratory & digestive system
• Nasopharynx
- Superior
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Auditory (Eustachian) tubes
• Equalize pressure to middle ear
- Pharyngeal tonsil

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12
Q

Other parts of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx
- Posterior to oral cavity
- Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
• Laryngopharynx
- Posterior to laryngeal opening
- Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

What cartilage are in the Larynx?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Cricoid cartilage
  3. Epiglottic cartilage
  4. Arytenoid cartilages
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14
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

-Hyaline cartilage
- Laryngeal prominence
- Laryngeal inlet enlarges with testosterone

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15
Q

Croid cartilage

A

Ring
- Inferior to thyroid cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage
- Mobile
- Attached to laryngeal muscles & vocal folds

17
Q

Epiglottic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage
- Folds over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

18
Q

What type of folds are in the Larynx

A
  1. Vestibular folds
  2. Vocal folds
19
Q

Vestibular folds

A

“false vocal cords”
- Protect vocal folds

20
Q

Vocal folds

A

Sound production
- Close off larynx in swallowing
- Rima glottidis - opening

21
Q

What is Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx and surrounding
structures
• Bacterial or viral infection
• Vocal fold overuse

22
Q

Trachea

A

• 2.5 cm in diameter
• 12-14 cm in length
• Inferior neck & mediastinum
• Tracheal cartilages
- Hyaline cartilage
- C-shaped
- Keep airways open
• Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium

23
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Bifurcating set airways
• Primary Bronchi
- Right
• Slightly wider & straighter
- Left
• Secondary, Tertiary etc.

24
Q

Bronchioles & Alveoli

A

Respiratory bronchioles
& Alveolar ducts
- Last airways
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Connect to alveoli
• Alveoli
- 300-400 million
- Gas exchange

25
Q

Alveoli

A

0.25-5 mm diameter
• Two cell types
- Alveolar type I cells (Squamous)
- Alveolar type II cells (surfactant)

• Thin walls
- Diffusion
-Simple squamous epithelium

Respiratory membrane
- Epithelium of
capillary & alveolus

Basement membranes
- Surfactant
• Moistens
• Surface tension

26
Q

Affects of Smoking

A

Cellular and genetic
damage
• Emphysema
- Irreversible loss of gas exchange surface area
- Inflammation of bronchioles & alveoli
- Dilated air spaces
- Supplemental oxygen

Lung Cancer
- Squamous cell carcinoma
• Simple squamous to stratified squamous
- Irritants such as smoke & chemicals
• Becomes malignant (mutations)
- Uncontrolled division
Metastasizes early

27
Q

What is the most common cavity in the lungs?

A

Pleura Cavity
-Parietal pleura
-Visceral pleura
-Pleural cavity

28
Q

Pleura cavity

A

Serous membrane
- Lubricates
- Parietal pleura
• Chest wall
- Visceral pleura
• Surface of lungs
- Pleural cavity
• Potential space
- Pleurae link lungs
to chest wall

29
Q

What are clinical aspects of the lung?

A

Lungs will collapse if fluid gas accumulates in pleural cavity
- Potential space becomes real
• Pneumothorax - air
Hydrothorax - fluid/pleural
effusions
• Hemothorax -blood
• Chylothorax - chyle/ thoracic duct

30
Q

What are common things that both right and left lungs have?

A
  • Apex
  • Base
  • Costal Surface
  • Mediastinal Surface
    • Hilum
    • Root of the lung
    -Bronchi
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
31
Q

What are features of the Right Lung?

A

Superior Lobe
_ Middle Lobe
- Inferior Lobe
- Horizontal Fissure
- Oblique Fissure

32
Q

What are features of the Left lung?

A

Superior lobe
- Inferior lobe
- Oblique fissure
-Cardiac notch

33
Q

What do muscles if respiration do?

A

Quiet breathing
- Inhalation
• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
- Exhalation
• Natural elasticity

Forced breathing
- Inhalation
• Diaphragm
• Exteral intercostals
• Sterocleidomastoid
• Scalenes
. Pectoralis minor
• Serratus posterior superior
• Erector spinae

• Forced breathing
- Exhalation
• Internal Intercostals
Abdominal muscles
• Serratus posterior inferior

34
Q

What are things involved in nervous

A

Medulla Oblongata
- Medullary
respiratory center
• Pons
- Pontine respiratory
center
• Phrenic nerves
- Diaphragm
• Intercostal nerves
-TI-TI

Anatomy (82 decks)

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