Chapter 25: Respiratory System SYDNEY Flashcards
What are the different type of Gas Exchange
- External
Respiration - Internal
Respiration`
External
Respiration
Between atmosphere & blood
Internal Respiration
Between blood & tissues
Internal and external respiration are both driven by _______
Both driven by diffusion
What are the two types of division?
Upper & Lower
Respiratory Tract
- Conducting portion vs. Respiratory portion
What are the upper respiratory tract functions
Gas Conditioning
- Warming
- Moistening
- Particulate matter
• Sound production
•Olfaction
• Protection
- Mucus, airways trap pathogens
Nose and naval cavity
Conditioning air
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Goblet cells produce mucus
- Mucus traps particles
External nares (= nostrils)
- Openings
Hyaline cartilage
Vibrissae
Coarse hairs
•Particulate matter
• Roof
- Olfactory epithelium
Nose and nasal cavity (floor and nasal septum)
Floor
- Hard palate
• Maxilla & palatines
Soft palate
• Muscle, fat, & epithelium
• Uvula
Nasal septum
- Hyaline cartilage
- Perpendicular plate
Ethmoid
Vomer
Nose and nasal cavity (Lateral Wall and nasal meatuses)
Lateral Wall
- Nasal Conchae
• a.ka. turbinates
• Surface area
• Ethmoid bone
- Superior & Middle
Conchae
•Inferior Nasal Concha
Nasal Meatuses
• Passageways
• Between conchae
Nose and nasal cavity (Paranasal Sinuses and Nasolacrimal duct)
Paranasal Sinuses
-Not main pathway
- Maxillary sinus (• Drains to middle meatus)
• Nasolacrimal duct
-Tears
- Inferior Meatus
Choanae
- Posterior end of cavity
Pharynx
Posterior to nas cavities
• Respiratory & digestive system
• Nasopharynx
- Superior
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Auditory (Eustachian) tubes
• Equalize pressure to middle ear
- Pharyngeal tonsil
Other parts of the pharynx
Oropharynx
- Posterior to oral cavity
- Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
• Laryngopharynx
- Posterior to laryngeal opening
- Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What cartilage are in the Larynx?
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Epiglottic cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
-Hyaline cartilage
- Laryngeal prominence
- Laryngeal inlet enlarges with testosterone
Croid cartilage
Ring
- Inferior to thyroid cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
Hyaline cartilage
- Mobile
- Attached to laryngeal muscles & vocal folds
Epiglottic cartilage
Elastic cartilage
- Folds over laryngeal inlet during swallowing
What type of folds are in the Larynx
- Vestibular folds
- Vocal folds
Vestibular folds
“false vocal cords”
- Protect vocal folds
Vocal folds
Sound production
- Close off larynx in swallowing
- Rima glottidis - opening
What is Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx and surrounding
structures
• Bacterial or viral infection
• Vocal fold overuse
Trachea
• 2.5 cm in diameter
• 12-14 cm in length
• Inferior neck & mediastinum
• Tracheal cartilages
- Hyaline cartilage
- C-shaped
- Keep airways open
• Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
Bronchial Tree
Bifurcating set airways
• Primary Bronchi
- Right
• Slightly wider & straighter
- Left
• Secondary, Tertiary etc.
Bronchioles & Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles
& Alveolar ducts
- Last airways
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Connect to alveoli
• Alveoli
- 300-400 million
- Gas exchange
Alveoli
0.25-5 mm diameter
• Two cell types
- Alveolar type I cells (Squamous)
- Alveolar type II cells (surfactant)
• Thin walls
- Diffusion
-Simple squamous epithelium
Respiratory membrane
- Epithelium of
capillary & alveolus
Basement membranes
- Surfactant
• Moistens
• Surface tension
Affects of Smoking
Cellular and genetic
damage
• Emphysema
- Irreversible loss of gas exchange surface area
- Inflammation of bronchioles & alveoli
- Dilated air spaces
- Supplemental oxygen
Lung Cancer
- Squamous cell carcinoma
• Simple squamous to stratified squamous
- Irritants such as smoke & chemicals
• Becomes malignant (mutations)
- Uncontrolled division
Metastasizes early
What is the most common cavity in the lungs?
Pleura Cavity
-Parietal pleura
-Visceral pleura
-Pleural cavity
Pleura cavity
Serous membrane
- Lubricates
- Parietal pleura
• Chest wall
- Visceral pleura
• Surface of lungs
- Pleural cavity
• Potential space
- Pleurae link lungs
to chest wall
What are clinical aspects of the lung?
Lungs will collapse if fluid gas accumulates in pleural cavity
- Potential space becomes real
• Pneumothorax - air
Hydrothorax - fluid/pleural
effusions
• Hemothorax -blood
• Chylothorax - chyle/ thoracic duct
What are common things that both right and left lungs have?
- Apex
- Base
- Costal Surface
- Mediastinal Surface
• Hilum
• Root of the lung
-Bronchi - Pulmonary arteries
- Pulmonary veins
What are features of the Right Lung?
Superior Lobe
_ Middle Lobe
- Inferior Lobe
- Horizontal Fissure
- Oblique Fissure
What are features of the Left lung?
Superior lobe
- Inferior lobe
- Oblique fissure
-Cardiac notch
What do muscles if respiration do?
Quiet breathing
- Inhalation
• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
- Exhalation
• Natural elasticity
Forced breathing
- Inhalation
• Diaphragm
• Exteral intercostals
• Sterocleidomastoid
• Scalenes
. Pectoralis minor
• Serratus posterior superior
• Erector spinae
• Forced breathing
- Exhalation
• Internal Intercostals
Abdominal muscles
• Serratus posterior inferior
What are things involved in nervous
Medulla Oblongata
- Medullary
respiratory center
• Pons
- Pontine respiratory
center
• Phrenic nerves
- Diaphragm
• Intercostal nerves
-TI-TI
