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Anatomy > Chapter 19: Special Senses Part I (Equilibrium and Hearing) SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Special Senses Part I (Equilibrium and Hearing) SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

what is stimuli

A

changes in environment

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2
Q

what is sensation

A

conscious awareness

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3
Q

5 general senses

A

-temperature
-pain
-touch
-stretch
-pressure

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4
Q

5 special senses

A

-taste
-smell
-vision
-equilibrium
-hearing

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5
Q

what are receptors?

A

-initiate nerve impulses
-type of transducer

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6
Q

definition of transducer

A

change one type of energy into another

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7
Q

2 types of receptors

A

-tonic receptors
-phasic receptors

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8
Q

process of tonic receptor

A

continuous response

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9
Q

process of phasic receptor

A

-detect new stimulus/change
-adaptation

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10
Q

definition of adaptation

A

acclimating to changes that persist

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11
Q

what is the lateral head?

A

temporal bone

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12
Q

parts of the ear

A

-external ear
-middle ear
-inner ear

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13
Q

parts of the external ear

A

-auricle
-external acoustic meatus

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14
Q

external ear is a skin-covered, primarily cartilaginous structure called _____

A

auricle (or pinna)

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15
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus?

A

bony tube in ear that extends medially and slightly superiorly from the lateral surface of the head

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16
Q

type of glands in external acoustic meatus

A

ceruminous glands

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17
Q

the makeup of earwax

A

cerumin + dead skin

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18
Q

where does the external acoustic meatus terminate?

A

at the tympanic membrane

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19
Q

funnel-shaped epithelial sheet that is the partition between the external and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane (or eardrum)

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20
Q

parts of the middle ear

A

-auditory ear ossicles
-auditory (eustachian) tube

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21
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A

tympanic cavity of the middle ear houses the three smallest bones of the body

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22
Q

features of the auditory ear ossicles

A

-amplify sound waves
-oval window (inner ear)
-suspended by ligaments

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23
Q

what are the 3 smallest bones in middles ear ossicles?

A

-malleus
-incus
-stapes

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24
Q

where is the malleus located?

A

-attached to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane

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25
Q

shape of malleus

A

resembles a large hammer

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26
Q

features of incus

A

-shape: resembles an incus
-middle auditory ossicle

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27
Q

features of stapes

A

-shape: resembles a stirrup on a saddle
-footplate in oval window

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28
Q

what is responsible for amplifying sound waves?

A

the auditory ossicles

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29
Q

size of tympanic membrane compared to footplate of stapes

A

tympanic membrane 20x larger than footplate of stapes

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30
Q

significance of the size of the tympanic membrane

A

sounds transmitted across the middle ear are amplified more than 20-fold, and able to detect very faint sounds

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31
Q

how does the tympanic cavity maintain an open connection with the atmosphere?

A

auditory (eustachian) tube

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32
Q

what does the auditory (eustachian) tube do?

A

equalize pressure

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33
Q

2 tiny skeletal muscles of the middle ear

A

-stapedius
-tensor tympani

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34
Q

which of the middle ear ossicles is the stapedius located in?

A

stapes

35
Q

which of the middle ear ossicles is the tensor tympani located in?

A

malleus

36
Q

what do the skeletal muscles (stapedius and tensor tympani) do?

A

-dampen loud sounds
-protect receptors in inner ear

37
Q

what is otitis media?

A

an infection where there is fluid in the middle ear

38
Q

features of otitis media

A

-pressure, pain
-common in children
-risk reduces after age 5

39
Q

why is otitis media more common in children?

A

they have shorter/flatter auditory tubes

40
Q

spaces or cavities in the inner ear

A

bony labryinth

41
Q

membrane-lined, fluid-filled tubes and spaces within the bony labyrinth

A

membranous labyrinth

42
Q

space between the outer walls of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid called ___________

A

perilymph

43
Q

composition of perilymph

A

extracellular fluid

44
Q

membranous labyrinth contains a unique fluid called ______

A

endolymph

45
Q

composition of endolymph

A

intracellular fluid

46
Q

parts of the inner ear

A

-cochlea
-vestibular complex
-vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

47
Q

length of inner ear

A

~ 1 cm across

48
Q

function of cochlea

A

hearing

49
Q

function of vestibular complex

A

balance

50
Q

function of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A

-hearing & balance
-signals to brain

51
Q

3 distinct regions of the bony labyrinth

A

-cochlea
-vestibule
-semicircular canals

52
Q

parts of the vestibular complex

A

-vestibule
-semicircular canals

53
Q

parts of the vestibule

A

-saccule
-utricle
-macula

54
Q

function of vestibule

A

position of head

55
Q

function of semicircular canals

A

rotational movements

56
Q

parts of the semicircular canals

A

-semicircular ducts
-ampulla

57
Q

structure in semicircular ducts

A

membranous labyrinth

58
Q

structure in ampulla

A

hair cells

59
Q

sensory receptors of the inner ear for both equilibrium and hearing

A

hair cells

60
Q

what do hair cells continuously release?

A

release neurotransmitters to neurons

61
Q

the apical surface of each hair cell has a covering of numerous long, stiff ______

A

microvilli (stereocilia)

62
Q

long microvillus

A

kinocilium

63
Q

effects of stereocilia and kinocilia bending

A

changes in the amount and rate of neurotransmitter release from the hair cell

64
Q

shape of cochlea; feature

A

-snail-shaped spiral chamber
-hearing

65
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth called?

A

cochlear duct

66
Q

2 membranes of the cochlear duct

A

-vestibular membrane
-basilar membrane

67
Q

2 categories of hair cells on the basilar membrane

A

-inner hair cells
-outer hair cells

68
Q

these membranes partition the bony labyrinth of the cochlea into 2 smaller chambers on either side of the cochlear duct

A

-scala vestibuli
-scala tympani

69
Q

location of the oval window

A

scala vestibuli

70
Q

location of the round window

A

scala tympani

71
Q

protected within the membranous cochlear duct

A

spiral organ

72
Q

features of the spiral organ

A

-sensory epithelium
-hair cells and supporting cells
-tectorial membrane

73
Q

gelatinous structure of the spiral organ

A

tectorial membrane

74
Q

how are sound waves collected?

A

by the auricle of the external acoustic meatus

75
Q

sound transmission in the middle ear

A

-amplifies sound waves
-stapes pushes on membranous labyrinth
-foot of stapes moves like a piston in the oval window

76
Q

location where perilymph in bony labyrinth vibrates

A

scala vestibuli

77
Q

what happens in the vestibular membrane relating sound transmission?

A

pushes on endolymph in membranous labyrinth

78
Q

what happens in the tectorial membrane relating to sound transmission?

A

pushes on hair cells

79
Q

changes in neurotransmitters during sound transmission due to what

A

impulse in spiral ganglion - cochlear branch of CN VIII

80
Q

what is frequency?

A

the number of waves that move past a point during specific amount of time

81
Q

2 types of frequency

A

-higher frequency
-lower frequency

82
Q

location of higher frequency

A

stimulate basilar membrane closer to oval window

83
Q

location of lower frequency

A

stimulate the spiral organ further away from the oval window

Anatomy (82 decks)

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