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Anatomy > Chapter 23: Vessels System (lecture) SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Vessels System (lecture) SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood vessels

A

-flow and diffusion
-to maximize flow and minimize resistance
-maximize diffusion

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2
Q

what does the systemic circulation consist of?

A

consists of the blood vessels that extend to all body regions

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3
Q

what does the pulmonary circulation consist of?

A

consists of the vessels that take the blood to and from the lungs for the purpose of the gas exchange

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4
Q

3 classes of blood vessels

A

-arteries
-capillaries
-veins

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5
Q

process of systemic circulation including all 3 classes of blood vessels

A

-arteries branch into smaller vessels until they feed into the capillaries
-capillaries are where gas and nutrient exchange occurs
-from the capillaries, veins return blood to the heart

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6
Q

features of maximizing flow and minimizing resistance

A

-larger diameter
-shorter vessels

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7
Q

features of maximizing diffusion

A

-smaller diameter

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8
Q

both artery and vein walls have three layers called

A

tunics

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9
Q

what part of a blood vessel should be the thickest to maximize the rate of blood flow?

A

lumen

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10
Q

what is the space of the vessel through which blood flows called that tunics surround?

A

lumen

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11
Q

innermost layer of the blood vessel wall

A

tunica intima

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12
Q

what is tunica intima composed of?

A

-endothelium layer (a simple squamous epithelium lining of the blood vessel lumen)
-subendothelial layer (made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue)

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13
Q

middle layer of the blood vessel wall

A

tunica media

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14
Q

what is the tunica media composed of?

A

-smooth muscle cells
-concentric
-vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessel lumen)/vasodilation (widening of the blood vessel lumen)

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15
Q

outermost layer of the blood vessel wall

A

tunica externa

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16
Q

what is the tunica externa composed of?

A

-areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers
-vasa vasorum (very large blood vessels require their own blood supply to the tunica external in the form a network of small arteries)

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17
Q

function of arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart

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18
Q

3 basic types of arteries

A

-elastic arteries
-muscular arteries
-arterioles

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19
Q

location and size of elastic arteries

A

-location: near the heart
-size: 1-2.5 cm in diamter (largest arteries)

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20
Q

distinctive feature and function of elastic arteries

A

-elastic fibers in all tunics
-high pressure

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21
Q

diameter and distinctive feature of muscular arteries

A

-diameter: 1cm- 3mm, medium-sized
-distinctive feature: thicker tunica media
-most named blood vessels (brachial, coronary, etc.)

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22
Q

description and function of arterioles

A

-smallest arteries, thin muscle
-controls the flow to capillaries

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23
Q

what are the capillaries?

A

smallest blood vessels that connect to the arteriole

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24
Q

length, diameter, and flow of capillaries

A

-1 mm long
-8-10 microns
-erythrocytes must travel in single-file

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25
Q

composition (layers) of capillaries

A

only tunica media

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26
Q

what are capillary beds?

A

group of capillaries functioning together

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27
Q

function and flow type of veins

A

-return blood to heart
-low pressure system

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28
Q

structure of veins

A

-thin walls
-thin tunica media
-collapse without blood

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29
Q

features of veins

A

-backflow valves
-blood reservoir
-more anastomoses

30
Q

what happens in a backflow valve?

A

-most veins contain numerous valves formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers.
-thus, as blood flows superiorly in the limbs, these one-way valves close to prevent backflow

31
Q

process of skeletal muscle pump

A

as the skeletal muscles contract, veins are squeezed to help pump the blood toward the heart

32
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

-dilated, tortuous (having many curves or twists) veins
-valves in these veins became nonfunctional, causing blood to pool in one area and the vein to swell and bulge

33
Q

what are blood reservoirs?

A

-at rest, the body’s veins hold about 60% of the body’s blood, thus veins function as blood reservoir

34
Q

what are anastomoses?

A

-the site where two or more arteries converge to supply the same body region
-provide alternate blood supply routes to body tissues or organs

35
Q

definition of pulse

A

rhythmic throbbing of arterial wall

36
Q

what does a pulse measure?

A

-heartrate
-coarse blood pressure
-absence of flow to a region

37
Q

definition of pulse point

A

-artery compressed against a bone

38
Q

common pulse points

A

-brachial artery
-radial artery
-common carotid artery
-femoral artery
-facial artery
-dorsalis pedis artery
-popliteal artery
-posterior tibial artery
-superficial temporal artery

39
Q

arterial pathways: ascending aorta

A

-ascending aorta: oxygenated blood is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart and enters the ascending aorta
-left and right coronary arteries: emerge immediately from the wall of the ascending aorta and supply the heart

40
Q

arterial pathways: arch of aorta

A

arch of aorta (aortic arch): ascending aorta curves towards the left side of the body and becomes aortic arch

41
Q

3 main arterial branches emerge from arch of aorta

A

-brachiocephalic trunk: bifurcates into 2 branches
-left common carotid artery: supplying the left side of the head and neck
-left subclavian artery: supplying the left upper limb and some thoracic structures

42
Q

brachiocephalic trunk bifurcates (divide into two branches)

A

-right common carotid artery: supplying arterial blood to the right side of the head and neck
-right subclavian artery: supplying the right upper limb and some thoracic structures

43
Q

arterial pathways: head and neck

A

-common carotid artery: supply most of the blood to the head and neck
-internal carotid artery: supplies structures internal to the skull
-external carotid artery: supplies structures external to the skull
-vertebral artery: emerge from the subclavian arteries

44
Q

parts of the common carotid artery

A

-carotid body
-carotid sinus

45
Q

arterial pathways: upper extremities

A

-axillary artery
-brachial artery
-radial artery
-ulnar artery
-palmar arch
-digital arteries

46
Q

where is the brachial artery located?

A

inferior border of teres major

47
Q

what happens in the radial artery?

A

pulse

48
Q

arterial pathways: abdominal aorta

A

-unpaired arteries

49
Q

what are the unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta?

A

-celiac trunk
-superior mesenteries artery
-inferior mesenteric artery

50
Q

location of celiac trunk

A

under diaphragm

51
Q

branches of celiac trunk

A

-left gastric artery
-splenic artery
-common hepatic artery

52
Q

location of superior mesenteric artery

A

-to small intestine
-pancreas
-first 2/3 of large intestine

53
Q

location of inferior mesenteric artery

A

to 1/3 large intestine

54
Q

arterial pathways: abdominal aorta paired branches

A

-renal arteries
-gonadal arteries

55
Q

types of gonadal arteries

A

-testicular
-ovarian

56
Q

arterial pathways: pelvic region

A

-common iliac artery: descending abdominal aorta bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries
-internal iliac artery: supply pelvic and perineal structures
-external iliac artery: supply to the lower limb

57
Q

left and right common iliac arteries divide into what?

A

internal iliac artery & external iliac artery

58
Q

arterial pathways: lower limb

A

-femoral artery
-popliteal artery
-anterior tibial artery
-posterior tibial artery
-dorsalis pedis artery

59
Q

function of veins

A

merge to return deoxygenated blood to the heart

60
Q

superficial veins of upper extremities

A

-basilic vein: runs adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb
-cephalic vein: runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb
-median cubital vein: connects the cephalic and basilic veins

61
Q

location and significance of median cubital vein

A

-location: connects two
-significance: blood draws, put in IV

62
Q

superficial veins of lower extremities

A

-great saphenous vein
-lesser saphenous vein

63
Q

size, location, significance, and end of great saphenous vein

A

-size: longest vein
-location: medial thigh & leg
-significance: vessel source for coronary bypass
-end: empties into femoral vein

64
Q

location and end of lesser saphenous

A

-location: posterior leg
-end: empties into popliteal vein

65
Q

venous return from the brain

A

-dural venous sinuses: drain into internal jugular vein
-internal jugular vein

66
Q

parts and function of dural venous sinuses

A

-dura mater
-function: receive excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

67
Q

parts of the internal jugular vein

A

-jugular foramen
-sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal sinus

68
Q

clinical application of hematoma

A

-subdural hematoma
-epidural hematoma

69
Q

definition, cause, and progression of subdural hematoma

A

-definition: bleeding into space between dura mater and arachnoid mater
-cause: torn venous sinus
-progression: slow but fatal

70
Q

definition, cause, and progression of epidural hematoma

A

-definition: artery torn
-cause: bleeding outside meninges
-progression: fast and fatal

Anatomy (82 decks)

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