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Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

Joint (articulation)

A

Is the place where bones contact other bones, cartilage, or teeth.

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2
Q

Joints are classified by their _________ and their movements

A

Structure

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3
Q

What are the classification of joints by structure?

A
  1. Fibrous joint
  2. Cartilaginous joint
  3. Synovial joint
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4
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Exists where dense regular connective tissue holds bones together (Have no joint cavity & main function is to hold bones together)

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5
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Exists where cartilage holds bones together (Have no joint cavity & main function is to resist stress and act as shock absorbers)

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6
Q

Synovial joint

A

Exists where ligaments attach bones together & bones are covered with articular cartilage (Has fluid-filled joint cavity & main function is to support movement)

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7
Q

What classification of joints by movement?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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8
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Joints do not move

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9
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Joints are slightly mobile

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10
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Joints move freely

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11
Q

As you increase mobility of a joint, the stability of the joint ___________

A

Decreases

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12
Q

What are the types of fibrous Joints?

A
  1. Sutures- found between certain skull bone
  2. Syndesmoses - joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue
  3. Gomphosis - resembles a “peg in a socket” (Only one is in a tooth connection to the jaw)
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13
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  1. Synchondrosis - joints are connected with hyaline cartilage and are all immobile
  2. Symphyses - joints have fibrocartilage between the bones; can be slightly mobile; acts as a shock absorber
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14
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Have a joint cavity that separates the bones in the joint

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15
Q

What are the common features of a joint cavity?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Synovial fluid
  4. Ligaments
  5. Tendons
  6. Fat pads
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16
Q

Articular capsule

A

Is a double-layered capsule that covers the joint (Contains a fibrous layer which is the dense connective tissue layer (outer) & Synovial membrane is a thin squamous epithelial layer (inner))

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction in the joint

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18
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Is an oily substance in the synovial joint ( Lubricates articular cartilage and work as a shock absorber)

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones together, composed of dense regular connective tissue &stabilize and strength the joint

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21
Q

Extrinsic ligaments

A

Are outside of the articular capsule

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22
Q

Intrinsic ligaments

A

Result from thickening of the articular capsule

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23
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone; composed of dense regular connective tissue

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24
Q

Fat pads

A

Protect the joint by lining it with fat

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25
Q

Synovial joints move, and can be classified by their _____________

A

Movement

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26
Q

What are the types of synovial movements?

A
  1. Uniaxial joint - can move in only one axis (plane); Ex: elbow joint
    • Biaxial joint - can move in two axes (planes); Ex: joints in wrist (carpal and tarsal bones)
    • Multiaxial joint - can move in multiple axes (planes); Ex: shoulder joint
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27
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints? (From most mobile to least mobile)

A
  1. Plane joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Pivot joint
  4. Condylar joint
  5. Saddle joint
  6. Ball-and-socket joint
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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Plane joint

A

Are the least mobile joints; allows side-to-side movement (uniaxial)

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30
Q

Hinge joint

A

Fits concave and convex bone connections; uniaxial joint

31
Q

Pivot joint

A

Connects rounded bones into a ligament/bone ring; uniaxial joint

32
Q

Condylar joint

A

Fits concave and convex bone connections; biaxial joint

33
Q

Saddle joint

A

Connects concave and convex bones that resemble saddles; biaxial joint

34
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

Connects a spherical shaped bone with a cup-like socket of another bone; multiaxial

35
Q

What are the 3 types of levers?

A
  1. First-class levers - Fulcrum sits in the middle between the effort and resistance (ex Neck Joints)
  2. Second-class levers - Resistance sits between fulcrum and effort (standing on toes)
  3. Third-class levers - : Effort sits between fulcrum and resistance (ex elbow)
36
Q

What are the 4 movements of the synovial joint?

A
  1. Gliding Movement
  2. Angular motion
  3. Rotation Movement
  4. Special movement
37
Q

Gliding

A

Is a movement that consists of two surfaces sliding back and forth; wrist bones (carpals, tarsals)

38
Q

Angular motion

A

Is a movement that changes the angle between two bones

39
Q

What are the types of angular motions?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Hyperextension
  4. Lateral flexion
  5. Abduction
  6. Adduction
  7. Circumduction
40
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle between the bones (ex: your head to look at your feet

41
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle between the bones (ex: your head looking straight ahead)

42
Q

Hyperextension

A

Increases the angle able 180o (ex: glance up at ceiling

43
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Occurs when trunk moves laterally away from the body

44
Q

Abduction

A

Laterally moves the body part away from the body midline (spreading your fingers out)

45
Q

Adduction

A

Laterally moving the body part towards the body midline

46
Q

Circumduction

A

Is sequential movements where proximal remains stationary, and distal end circles

47
Q

What are the types of rotational movements?

A
  1. Lateral rotation turns anterior surface laterally
  2. Medial rotation turns anterior surface medially
  3. Pronation is medial rotation of forearm and the palm faces the posterior
  4. Supination is lateral rotation of forearm so palm faces anterior
48
Q

What are the types of special movements?

A
  1. Elevation
  2. Depression
  3. Dorsiflexion
  4. Plantar flexion
  5. Protraction
  6. Retraction
  7. Opposition
  8. Reposition
49
Q

Depression

A

Occurs when moving a body part inferiorly (down); ex: opening your mouth, lowering shoulders

50
Q

Elevation

A

Occurs when moving a body part superiorly (up); ex: closing your mouth, shrugging shoulders

51
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Occurs when ankle joint bends and toes move up; ex: digging in your heels

52
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Occurs when ankle joint bends and toes move down; ex: ballerina standing on her toes

53
Q

Retraction

A

Occurs when posterior movement of a body part; ex: pulling your head back

54
Q

Protraction

55
Q

Opposition

A

Occurs when the thumb reaches across the palm; ex: grabbing an object

56
Q

Reposition

A

Occurs when the thumb returns to its normal position; ex: letting go of an object

57
Q

The temporomadibular joint (TMJ)

A

Is where the jaw (mandible) articulates with the skull (temporal bone)

58
Q

What are the features of the temporomadibular joint (TMJ) ?

A
    • Articular capsule surrounds the joint
  2. Articular disc is a thick region of fibrocartilage separating the bones; creates synovial cavity
  3. Sphenomadibular ligament extends from jaw (anteriorly) to skull
  4. Temporomadibular ligament extends from skull (posteriorly) to jaw
59
Q

What are the three joints that allow our shoulders to move?

A
  1. Sternoclavicular joint joins the sternum to the the clavicle bone (sternal end)
  2. Acromioclavicular joint joins the clavicle (lateral end) and the acromion of the scapula

(Acromioclavicular ligament sits superiorly to provide strength & Coracoclavicular ligament connects clavicle to scapula)

  1. Glenohumeral joint- is the ball-and-socket joint that connects the scapula (glenoid cavity) and humerus (ball-and-socket)
60
Q

Coracoacromial ligament

A

Attaches coracoid process to acromion

61
Q

Coracohumeral ligament

A

Attaches coracoid process to humerus

62
Q

Glenohumeral ligaments

A

A group of three ligaments; attach glenoid cavity with humerus

63
Q

Rotator cuff

A

Is a group of muscles that surround the joint to provide support to the joint; No inferior cover

64
Q

What are the 3 articulations in the elbow joint?

A
  1. Humeroradial joint connects the humerus (capitulum) with the radius (head)
  2. Humeroulnar joint connects the humerus (trochlea) with the ulna (trochlear notch)
  3. Proximal radioulnar joint: connects the radius and ulna
65
Q

What are the ligaments in the elbow joint?

A
  1. Radial collateral ligament stabilizes the lateral surface; connects the humerus with radius (annular)
  2. -Ulnar collateral ligament stabilizes the medial surface; connects the humerus with ulna (annular)
  3. Annular ligament: surrounds the radius head and attaches to ulna
66
Q

Hip joint (coxal joint)

A

Is the articulation between the femur (head) and the os coxae (hip bone)

67
Q

What are the liagments in the hip joint?

A
  1. Iliofemoral ligament - provides strength to the anterior region of the joint; shaped like a Y
    • Pubofemoral ligament -is a triangle shaped ligament that strengthen the inferior region of the joint
  3. Ischiofemoral ligament - is located on posterior side of the joint, spiral shaped
  4. Ligament head of femur - is a small ligament that attaches to the femur; provides an artery to femur
68
Q

Tibiofemoral joint

A

Connects the femur and the tibia

69
Q

Patellofemoral joint

A

Connects the femur and the patella

70
Q

What are the ligaments in the knee joint?

A
  1. Patellar ligament - attaches to the patella and the tibia
  2. Fibular collateral ligament - stabilizes the lateral surface; connected to femur and fibula
  3. Tibula collateral ligament - stabilizes the medial surface; connects to femur and tibia
71
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (Type of Cruciate ligaments)

A

Prevents hyperextension of the knee

72
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (Type of Cruciate ligaments)

A

Prevents hyperflexion of the knee

73
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?

A
  1. Deltoid ligament binds tibia to talus on medial side
  2. Lateral (calcaneofibular) ligament binds fibula to talus on lateral side
  3. Tibiofibular ligaments are two ligaments (anterior and posterior) that bind tibula to fibula

Anatomy (82 decks)

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