Chapter 27: Urinary System (Lecture) Flashcards
What are the roles of the kidney?
Filter waste & convert to urine
What is the function of the urinary tract and what are other parts of it?
Transport urine and
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
What are the function of the urinary system?
• Urine storage
• Excretion
• Blood volume regulation
• Regulate Red blood cell production
- Erythropoietin
- Low blood oxygen
• Ion balance/ acid-base balance
What are some features of the kidney?
• Retroperitoneal
• Upper lumbar verteurae
• Left side higher
- due to Liver on right
• 12 cm long, 2.5 em thick
Fibrous capsule
-a.k.a. Renal
capsule
Is the outer surface of the kidney and is composed of dense irregular connective tissues, it maintains the kidney’s shape, protects it from trauma, and prevents infectious pathogens from entering
Perinephric fat (perirental fat)is external to what, made up of what and does what for the kidney?
External to the fibrous capsule and contains, adipose connective tissues, also surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning & support
Renal fascia is external to what, its made up of what, & what is its function?
External to the perinephric fat and is composed of dense irregular connective tissue & it anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall & peritoneum
Hilum
A concave medial border within the kidney, where vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter/ exit the kidney
Renal Sinus
Houses renal arteries, renal veins, lymph vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and a variable amount of adipose connective tissue
When a kidney is sectioned along a ___________ an outer renal cortex &inner renal medulla can be seen
Coronal plane
What some extensions of the Renal Cortex?
-Renal Columns
-Renal Pyramids
What are Renal columns and what do they do?
Projects into the medulla and subdivide the medulla into renal pyramids
Each renal papilla projects into a funnel-shaped space called _______
Minor Calyx
Several minor calyces merge to form a larger space called __________
Major calyx (each kidney has two or 3 major calyces)
The functional unit in the kidney is the ___________
Nephron
What are the components of nephron?
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Nephron loop
- Distal convoluted tubule.
A renal corpuscle is composed of what?
A glomerular & glomerular capsule
(Leaky capillaries
• Blood supply
- Afferent arteriole
» In
-Efferent arteriole
» Out)
What does the Bowman’s Capsule do?
- Receives filtrate
- Glomerular filtrate
- From blood
_________ is an enlarged bulbous regions of a nephrons
Renal Corpuscle
The glomerular capsule has what two layers?
- Visceral layer
- Parietal layer
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is made up of what?
Composed of podocytes
- w/ capillary form filtration membrane
• Regulate flow of
matenals
The parietal layer of glomerular capsule is composed of what?
Formed from a simple squamous epithelium
What is the rate of Glomerular filtrate?
125ml/min
-7500ml/hr
-Total blood volume 5,500 ml
What is the urine output of the Glomerular filtrate?
Urine output varies but max 100ml/hr
-Differences resorbed in renal tubules
What is one renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (it originates from the cortex)
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is lined /made up with ___________ and _____________ and when looked under a microscope looks fuzzy due to the brush border
Simple cuboidal epithelium, Microvilli
The cells of PCT actively reabsorbs almost all nutrients, ions, vitamins, plasma proteins, and ___________ % of water
60-65% of water (through active transport)
Nephron Loop has what two limbs?
- Descending Limb
- Ascending Limb
What the main function of the Descending limb?
Resorbs water
What is the main function of the Ascending limb?
• Resorbs ions
• Active transport
Where does the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) originate, what is its roles, what type of hormone does it have, and what does it promote?
- originates in the Cortex
- Secretion role
• Potassium, acid - Resorption role
• Sodium, chloride
• Water - Antidiuretic hormone
and aldosterone regulation - Promote absorption
What is the location of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- Afferent arteriole
- Distal convoluted tubule
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus modifies __________ muscle
Smooth
What are the functions of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?
- Monitors reduction in blood volume/ions
- Promotes increase in blood volume
When the tubular fluid leaves the DCT it must travel through a series of small ___________ that empty into ___________
Collecting tubules, collecting ducts
The collecting ducts are the last structures that have the capacity to modify the tubular fluid further and can do so under the influence of __________ and _________
ADH, Aldosterone
(ADH increases
water absorption
- If dehydrated
- No modification if well hydrated
• Start of Urine)
Urine Transport in Kidney occurs where?
Minor Calyces
- One per renal
pyramid
• Major Calyces
• Renal Pelvis
• No
modification
Ureters are long and conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder and are _______________
Retroperitoneal
The mucosa in Ureters is formed from _______________ epithelium
Transitional epithelium
The Muscularis in ureters is made of what?
- Smooth muscle
- Peristalsis
The urinary bladder is positioned where?
Posterior to the pubic symphysis
The urinary bladder is made up of what and what is its function?
It’s made up muscular sac and urine reservoir
What region is the urinary bladder in?
Trigone region
- Posteriorinferior
-Ureteric openings
-Urethral opening
The mucosa lines the bladder ________ it is formed by _____________ epithelialium
Bladder lumen, and transitional epithelium
The muscularis consists of three layer of smooth muscle, called __________ muscle
detrusor muscle
The expulsion of urine from the bladder is called _____________
Micturition (urination) (response to stretch receptors)
the urethra goes from _______ to outside
urinary bladder
where is the internal urethral sphincter located and what tissue is it made of?
-near bladder
-smooth muscle
where is the external sphincter located and what tissue is it made of?
-inferior to internal sphincter
-skeletal muscle
length of female urethra and amount of functions
- 3-5 cm long
-single function: conducting urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
length of male urethra, functions of male urethra
-18-20 cm
-urinary and reproductive: allow passage of urine and semen
3 regions of male urethra
-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra
-spongy urethra
what organ is in the prostatic urethra?
prostate gland
what organs are in the membranous urethra?
-urogenital diaphragm
-external urethral sphincter
which region is the longest of the male urethra?
spongy urethra
