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Anatomy > Chapter 21: Blood System (lecture) SYDNEY > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Blood System (lecture) SYDNEY Flashcards

1
Q

description of blood

A

-fluid connective tissue
-4x more viscous than water
-warmer than body temperature

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2
Q

function of blood

A

transport

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3
Q

what is plasma?

A

-55% of blood volume
-fluid

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4
Q

what are the formed elements of the blood?

A

-membrane-bound
-45% of blood volume (hematocrit)
-blood is thicker than water

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5
Q

what is blood made up of?

A

-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

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6
Q

name of red blood cells and percentage in blood?

A

-erythrocytes
-45%

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7
Q

name of white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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8
Q

what makes up platelets?

A

-cell fragments
-with leukocytes
-less than 15% of blood

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9
Q

what makes up plasma?

A

-water (92%) & solutes
-serum

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10
Q

what is in the serum of plasma?

A

plasma minus clotting factors

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11
Q

what are the plasma proteins?

A

-albumins
-fibrinogen
-globulins

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12
Q

function of albumins protein

A

-water movement
-transport proteins

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13
Q

which proteins do albumins transport?

A

-ions
-hormones
-lipids

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14
Q

function of fibrinogen protein

A

-blood clot formation
-become insoluble

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15
Q

function of globulins protein

A

-bind hydrophobic molecules
-immunoglobulins

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16
Q

what are erythrocytes also known as?

A

red corpsucles

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17
Q

characteristics of erythrocytes

A

-lack nuclei, organelles (not a cell)
-hemoglobin
-inner tube/deflated jelly doughnut
-2.6 to 0.75 micron thick

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18
Q

function of hemoglobin

A

-transports oxygen, CO2
-heme group - iron

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19
Q

what is the speed of diffusion due to the size of erythrocytes?

A

rapid diffusion

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20
Q

what is the process of hemopoiesis?

A

-making new blood cells because they have a relatively short life span

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21
Q

where does the hemopoiesis process occur?

A

red bone marrow

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22
Q

what is the rate at which new blood cells are made?

A

3 million per second

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23
Q

stages of hemopoiesis

A

-erythroblast: hemoglobin
-normoblast: nucleus ejected at the end
-reticulocyte: leaves bone marrow & few organelles
-erythrocyte: after organelles are lost

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24
Q

where does blood typing occur?

A

plasma membrane of an erythrocyte on the surface antigens

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25
Q

what is a surface antigen?

A

molecule that projects from the surface of a plasma membrane that contain proteins

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26
Q

most commonly identified group of antigens

A

-ABO blood group
2 surface antigens: A and B

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27
Q

another common surface antigen on erythrocyte membranes

A

Rh blood type

28
Q

what is the Rh factor?

A

-also known as surface antigen D
either positive (present) or negative (absent)
-affects pregnancy
-Rh antibodies made in woman’s body can cross the placenta and attack fetal erythrocytes

29
Q

what occurs if there are absent antigens?

A

antibodies for absent antigens

30
Q

what is agglutination?

A

clumps erythrocytes with antigens

31
Q

surface proteins of erythrocytes

A

-blood types A, B, O, +, -

32
Q

ABO: blood types

A

-type A
-type B
-type AB
-type O

33
Q

Rh: blood types

A

-Rh positive
-Rh negative

34
Q

erythrocytes ABO blood types

A

-surface antigen A (type A)
-surface antigen B (type B)
-surface antigens A and B (type AB)
-neither surface antigen A nor B (type O)

35
Q

plasma ABO blood types

A

-anti-B antibodies (type A)
-anti-A antibodies (type B)
-neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies (type AB)
-both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (type O)

36
Q

erythrocytes Rh blood types

A

-surface antigen D (Rh positive)
-no surface antigen (Rh negative)

37
Q

plasma Rh blood type

A

-no anti-D antibodies (Rh positive)
-no anti-D antibodies unless exposed to Rh positive blood (Rh negative)

38
Q
A
39
Q

function of leukocytes

A

immune response

40
Q

proportion of leukocytes

A

less than 1% of blood

41
Q

how are leukocytes true cells?

A

they contain a nucleus and cellular organelles

42
Q

how do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes?

A

-1.5 to 3 times larger in diameter
-do not contain hemoglobin

43
Q

fives types of leukocytes are divided into two distinguishable classes known as ____ and ____ based upon the presence or absence of visible organelles; lobed nuclei

A

-agranulocytes
-granulocytes

44
Q

what are agranulocytes?

A

-leukocytes that have small granules in their cytoplasm
-include lymphocytes and monocytes

45
Q

how many leukocytes are lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

46
Q

features of lymphocytes?

A

-round nucleus
-limited cytoplasm
-smaller than erythrocytes

47
Q

3 categories of lymphocytes

A

-T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
-B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
-Natural killer cells (NK cells)

48
Q

function of T-lymphocytes

A

-helper T-cells manage and direct an immune response; some directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells
-HIV targets as virus factory

49
Q

what are cytotoxic T-cells

A

-killer cells activated by helper-T

50
Q

are nautal killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-cells the same?

A

no

51
Q

function of B-lymphocytes

A

-stimulated to become plasma cells
-antigen receptors (specific)
-produces immunoglobulins (antibodies)
-activated by helper-T

52
Q

function of plasma cells

A

make antibodies

53
Q

function of memory cells

A

-faster response later
-vaccines try to stimulate memory cell production

54
Q

charcateristics of monocytes

A

-3 times the size of erythrocyte
-2% to 8% of leukocytes
-C-shaped nucleus
-leaves for tissues
-macrophages

55
Q

how are macrophages produced?

A

after 3 days in circulation, monocytes exit blood vessels and take up residence in the tissues, where they change into large phagocytic cells (macrophages)

56
Q

function and features of macrophages

A

-large
-phagocytize bacteeria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris
-present antigens to helper cells

57
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

they contain granules in their cytoplasm that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope

58
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

59
Q

features of neutrophils

A

-most numerous leukocyte in the blood; 50-70%
-lilac cytoplasm
-phagocytosis
-increases with bacterial infection

60
Q

features of eosinophils

A

-1 to 4% of the total number of leukocytes
-bilobed nuclei - two lobes connected by a thin strand
-react to allergens
-active against parasitic worms by releasing chemical mediators

61
Q

features of basophils

A

-0.5-1% of total leukocytes
-1.5 times larger than erythrocytes
-anti-inflammatory/ allergic response
-histamine
-heparin

62
Q

what causes vasodilation?

A

when histamine is released from these granules, it causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels resulting in vasodilation

63
Q

what does vasodilation result in?

A

resulting in a decrease in blood pressure along with classic allergic symptoms

64
Q

what is heparin?

A

inhibits blood clotting

65
Q

features of platelets

A

-irregular fragments
-membrane-bound
-form clots

66
Q

where and what do platelets form?

A

-where: red bone marrow and lungs by cells called megakaryocytes
-8 to 10 day life cycle
-need to be replaced constantly

Anatomy (82 decks)

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