Chapter 20: Endocrine System

Question 1

what does the endocrine gland do?

Answer 1

-produce hormones that are released into the bloodstream
-ductless

Question 2

what are hormones in relation to the endocrine system?

Answer 2

chemical messengers

Question 3

function of hormones

Answer 3

• change the metabolic activity of the target cells/target organs

Question 4

what are target cells and target organs?

Answer 4

target cells: cells with specific receptors for the hormone enabling the hormone to bind to the cell
target organs: organs that contain the target cells

Question 5

what does the feedback do in general?

Answer 5

-hormone levels are regulated by this self-adjusting mechanism
-product of a pathway acts back at an earlier step in the pathway to regulate the pathway’s activities

Question 6

types of feedback

Answer 6

-positive feedback
-negative feedback

Question 7

positive feedback

Answer 7

accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities

Question 8

negative feedback

Answer 8

occurs when a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off

Question 9

appearance of the adrenal glands and location

Answer 9

-paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney

Question 10

parts of the adrenal gland

Answer 10

-corticosteroids
-epinephrine/norepinephrine
-pancreas
-gonads
-pineal gland
-thymus

Question 11

what is the location of corticosteroids and what does it regulate?

Answer 11

-cortex
-electrolyte type/amount

Question 12

what is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 12

adrenal cortex

Question 13

what is the inner central core of the adrenal gland called?

Answer 13

adrenal medulla

Question 14

color of adrenal cortex and why? function?

Answer 14

-distinctive yellow color as a consequence of the stored lipids in its cells that synthesize more than 25 different steroid hormones

Question 15

what are the steroid hormones collectively called?

Answer 15

corticosteroids

Question 16

color of adrenal medulla

Answer 16

-pronounced red-brown color due to its extensive vascularization

Question 17

how are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine created?

Answer 17

chromaffin cells secrete these hormones when stimulated by the sympathetic division of the ANS

Question 18

what is epinephrine also known as? what is norepinephrine also known as?

Answer 18

epinephrine = adrenaline
norepinephrine = no adrenaline

Question 19

where are the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine located? effects of them?

Answer 19

-medulla
-fight or flight response

Question 20

what are the pancreas? where are they located?

Answer 20

-perform both exocrine and endocrine activities
-elongated, spongy, nodular organ situated posterior to the stomach between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen; pancreatic islets

Question 21

what products do pancreas create?

Answer 21

-insulin
-glucagon

Question 22

what are the gonads?

Answer 22

female and male primary sex organs
females = ovaries
males = testes

Question 23

what sex hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 23

• estrogen
  -progesterone

Question 24

what sex hormones do the testes produce?

Answer 24

androgens which are converted to testosterone

Question 25

appearance and location of pineal gland

Answer 25

small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus (brain)

Question 26

what does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 26

melatonin

Question 27

effects of melatonin

Answer 27

-causes drowsiness
-tends to be cyclic; increases at night and decreases during the day
-circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock)
-sexual maturation

Question 28

what is the thymus?

Answer 28

bilobed structure located within the mediastinum superior to the heart and immediately posterior to the sternum

Question 29

function of the thymus

Answer 29

-involved in maturation of T-lymphocytes
-regulate and maintain body immunity

Question 30

where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 30

lies inferior to the hypothalamus (brain)

Question 31

tissue types of pituitary gland

Answer 31

part nervous/glandular

Question 32

two parts of the pituitary gland

Answer 32

-anterior pituitary gland
-posterior pituitary gland

Question 33

tissue type of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 33

nervous tissue

Question 34

tissue type of anterior pituitary gland

Answer 34

glandular tissue

Question 35

where do the hormones come from in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 35

hypothalamus

Question 36

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 36

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
-oxytocin

Question 37

what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 37

-luteinizing hormone (LH)
-follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 38

what does the antidiuretic hormone do?

Answer 38

-increases water retention
-vasoconstriction

Question 39

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 39

-smooth muscle contractions (intercourse, labor)
-lactation (females)

Question 40

what other endocrine glands does the anterior pituitary gland regulate?

Answer 40

LH and FSH regulate gonads

Question 41

shape of thyroid gland

Answer 41

-butterfly shape
-lobed

Question 42

effects of thyroid hormone

Answer 42

-increases metabolism
-oxygen use
-growth
-energy use
-promotes development

Question 43

clinical significance of thyroid

Answer 43

goiter

Question 44

effects of the goiter

Answer 44

-overgrowth of thyroid
-insufficient iodine

Question 45

color and location of parathyroid

Answer 45

small, brownish-red parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 46

amount of nodules of parathyroid

Answer 46

four small nodules

Question 47

what does the parathyroid hormone promote?

Answer 47

-calcium release from bone
-calcium uptake from food
-calcium recovery from filtrate in kidneys