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Anatomy > Chapter 19: Special Senses Part II (Vision) > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Special Senses Part II (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

superficial anatomy of the eye

A

-superior & inferior palpebrae
-medial & lateral palpebral comissures
-pupil
-iris

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2
Q

what are the palpebrae?

A

eyelids

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3
Q

provide a superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface

A

conjunctiva

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4
Q

where are the eyelids united at?

A

medial and lateral palpebral commissures

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5
Q

parts of the conjunctivial sac

A

-specialized bursa
-bulbar & palpebral conjuctivia
-covers sclera

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6
Q

parts of the lacrimal apparatus

A

-lacrimal gland
-lacrimal ducts
-lacrimal canaliculi
-nasolacrimal ducts

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7
Q

located within the superolateral depression of each orbit

A

lacrimal gland

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8
Q

drains lacrimal fluid into a rounded lacrimal sac

A

lacrimal canaliculi

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9
Q

what is lacrimal fluid

A

commonly known as tears

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10
Q

receives the lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal sac

A

nasolacrimal duct

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11
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

-fibrous layer
-vascular layer
-inner layer (retina)

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12
Q

parts of the fibrous layer

A

-sclera
-cornea

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13
Q

part of the outer layer that is called the “white” of the eye

A

sclera

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14
Q

forms the anterior surface of the fibrous tunic

A

cornea

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15
Q

features of the sclera

A

-covers 5/6 of eyeball
-opaque, white (irregular fibers)
-attachment for muscles
-has blood vessels

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16
Q

features of the cornea

A

-convex anterior to iris/pupil
-transparent
-completely avascular

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17
Q

meaning of the cornea being completely avascular

A

nourishment from ringing capillaries, aqueous humor and tears

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18
Q

parts of the vascular layer

A

-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris
-pupil

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19
Q

most extensive and posterior region of the vascular tunic & lines most of sclera

A

choroid

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20
Q

located anterior to the choroid

A

ciliary body

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21
Q

features of the ciliary body

A

-attaches the lens
-controls lens focus
-ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor

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22
Q

what type of muscles does the iris have?

A

involuntary muscles

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23
Q

two groups of smooth muscle layers

A

-sphincter pupillae
-dilator pupillae

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24
Q

what is the sphincter pupillae controlled by?

A

-under the control of parasympathetic division of the ANS
-constricts the pupil

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25
Q

what is the dilator pupillae controlled by?

A

controlled by the sympathetic division of the ANS to dilate the pupil

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26
Q

center of the iris is a black hole called

A

pupil

27
Q

parts of inner layer of retina

A

-optic part
-non-visual part
-optic disc
-macula lutea
-fovea centralis

28
Q

what is the optic part of the retina sensitive to

A

sensitive to light

29
Q

2 layers of the retina

A

-neural layer
-pigmented layer

30
Q

parts of the neural layer

A

-light receptors
-rods
-cones

31
Q

function of pigmented layer

A

limits light scattering

32
Q

function of the rods

A

dim light

33
Q

function of the cones

A

-bright light
-color

34
Q

what is the non-visual part of the inner layer retina

A

anterior extension of pigmented layer

35
Q

axons extend from the ganglionic cells into and through the _____

A

optic disc

36
Q

features of the optic disc

A

-vessels/optic nerve entry
-no photoreceptors

37
Q

yellowish region of the neural layer

A

macula lutea

38
Q

within the macula lutea is a pit called the _____

A

fovea centralis

39
Q

feature of the macula lutea

A

high cone density

40
Q

feature of the fovea centralis

A

highest visual acuity

41
Q

clinical significance of red eye

A

-capillary lamina of choroid
-supplies rods & cones of retina
-highest perfusion rate in body

42
Q

clinical significance of retinal detachment

A

-neural and pigmented layers not firmly attached
-neural layer can separate and drop

43
Q

contents of the eyeball

A

-aqueous humor
-vitreous humor

44
Q

what is the aqueous humor?

A

fluid in the anterior cavity

45
Q

function of aqueous humor

A

a filtrate of plasma that resembles CSF and is produced by the epithelium covering the ciliary body

46
Q

features of the aqueous humor

A

-absorbed by scleral venous sinus
-nourishes cornea
-intraocular pressure

47
Q

what does the intraocular pressure do?

A

provide balance

48
Q

posterior cavity is occupied by the transparent, gelatinous ______

A

vitreous humor

49
Q

features of the vitreous humor

A

-fluid enclosed in vitreous
-posterior chamber (4/5 of eyeball)
-jelly-like
-supports retina & lens

50
Q

clinical significance of glaucoma

A

reduction of rate of aqueous humor outflow to scleral venous sinus

51
Q

features of glaucoma

A

-results in pressure buildup in both chambers
-compression of the retina
-blindness

52
Q

appearance of lens

A

-transparent, biconvex
-enclosed by the capsule of lens

53
Q

attaches to the lens capsule at its periphery, where they transmit tension that enables the lens to change shape

A

suspensory ligament

54
Q

links to ciliary processes

A

suspensory ligament

55
Q

tension in the suspensory ligaments varies according to the contraction and relaxation of the ______

A

ciliary muscles

56
Q

what happens when the ciliary muscles relax?

A

-the ciliary body moves away from the lens (far vision), so the tension on the suspensory ligaments increases
-flattened lens
-default position of lens

57
Q

what happens when the ciliary muscles contract?

A

-the ciliary body moves near the lens (near vision) and lens becomes relaxed
-more round

58
Q

process of making the lens more spherical to view close-up objects

A

accommodation

59
Q

what is the accommodation controlled by

A

parasympathetic division of the ANS

60
Q

what happens during presbyopia?

A

-lens beomes harder/ flatter with age
-reduced focusing power

61
Q

area of opacity

A

cataracts

62
Q

combined surgeries of cataracts

A

-remove opacities
-insert new lens

63
Q

what do the extra-ocular muscles of the eye do?

A

move superior eyelids and eyeball

Anatomy (82 decks)

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