The Big Sad (tm)

Question 1

What do HOX genes encode?

Answer 1

transcription factors

they trasncript the arms and legs

Question 2

E coli strain o157:h7 uses a toxin that has what MOA?

Answer 2

shiga like toxin

halts protein synthesis by disableing the 60s ribosomal subunit leading to intestinal epithelial cell death and diarrhea

Question 3

cerebral edema, laryngeal edema and hyperinflated lungs could mean?

Answer 3

anaphylaxis

Question 4

diphenoxylate helps solve diarrhea by what mechanism?

Answer 4

slowing motility

mu opiod receptor binder

combined with atropine to avoid abuse

Question 5

what is enesthitis?

Answer 5

inflammation due to emchanial stress at sites of tendon insertion

common in psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, and reactive arthritis

Question 6

what is responsible for fibroblast and vascularization of granulatio tissue formation?

Answer 6

VEGF

Question 7

what are the two tumor options that a blue tumor under the nail could be?

Answer 7

glomangioma-modified smooth muscle used in thermoregu;lation

subungual melanoma (melanocytes)

Question 8

aminoglycosides distrubte where?

dosing?

Answer 8

into the extracellular space

use an adjusted body wieght in obese people, since it cannot distribute into adipose

Question 9

epyema is made up of

to help clear up an epyema, what should be used in addition to abx?

Answer 9

pus and fibrosis

drugs that cause actigation of fibrin bound plasminogen like tPa or streptokinase

Question 10

describe how diarrhea can lead to uric acid stones (rhomboid shaped

Answer 10

diarrhea leads to fluid loss and metabolic acidosis

the acidic urine leads to precipiation of uric acid (insoluble) rather than soluble urate

the uric acid crystalizes into stones

Question 11

what might a smear of parvovirus look like?

Answer 11

Question 12

in global cerebral ischemia, what cells are affected first?

Answer 12

CA1 cells of the hippocampus

Question 13

paraproteins is another word for

Answer 13

monoclonal immunoglobulins

seen in MM and cause ruloux formation

Question 14

what is this

Answer 14

syphillis in warthrin silver stain

treat with PNC which inhibits transpeptidase and bacterial cell wall cross linking

Question 15

whats more common, pancreatic ductal epithelial carcinoma or pancreatic acinar carcinoma?

Answer 15

pancreatic duct epithelial carcinoma is more common

Question 16

plaque rupture can be caused by

Answer 16

metalloproteinases which degrade the collegen and reduce stability

Question 17

blowing holosystolic murmur at the leftn sternum that isnt present at birth but can be heart several days later?

Answer 17

VSD (noncyanotic)

Question 18

what findings are suggestive of secondary reactivated TB?

Answer 18

fever, weight loss, night sweats with acid fast bacilli and upper lobe cavitary lesion

Question 19

what findings on a peripheral blood smear would you see with hemolytic anemia?

Answer 19

reticulocytes

spherocytes

nucleated RBCs

Question 20

terbinafine MOA (got it right)

Answer 20

inhibits sqaulene epoxidase

Question 21

in the first week of TB exposure and infection, what is the pathophysiology?

Answer 21

intracellular bacterial proliferation

in the following several weeks T cells release INFy to recruite macrophages

Question 22

PAVA

Answer 22

purkinje

Atria

Ventrical

AV node

Question 23

in minimal change dz, is the protein leaking through because of thinning of the basement membrane or loss of anions?

Answer 23

loss of anions

this feels more transient, just like minimal change disease

Question 24

is ALL immature or matture?

Answer 24

immature

CLL/SLL are mature

Question 25

underlying colonic malignancy is the greatest risk factor for gas gangrene caused by what bacteria?

Answer 25

C. septicum

Question 26

what is the most common indolent NHL with waxing and waning (swelling off and on of a LN)

Answer 26

follucular lympjoma 14;18 overepression of BCL2

Question 27

in the event of nuclear exposure, give what?

Answer 27

KI potassium iodide

Question 28

what happens to GABA and NMDA Receptors in acute ETOH withdrawal?

Answer 28

abrupt cessation in ETOH causes GABA A to decrease due to recpetor internalization and increase in glutamate activity binding to NMDA receptors chronic ETOH use leads to upregulation of NMDA receptors the over excitation caused by glutamate-NMDA leads to tremors, anxiety and eventually sz

Question 29

cardiac contractility is increasing and preipharl resistance is decressing. what drug?

Answer 29

isoproteronol (B1 and B2)

Question 30

good review

Answer 30

Question 31

mu opiod antagonist for constipations

Answer 31

methylnaltrexone

Question 32

is sarcoid CD4 or CD8?

Answer 32

Sarcoid-CD4 CD4 helper cells help make sarcoidosis

Question 33

what is a charcot bouchard aneurysm?

Answer 33

intracerebral hemorrhage assox with HTN location: basal ganglia cerebellum thalamus pons progressive neuro defects and HA

Question 34

are pt's with ataxia telangiectasias hypersentive to radiation damage?

Answer 34

yes because there is a defect in DNA repair

Question 35

if the stem is talking about a fungal CELL WALL in relation to a drug, what is the only option?

Answer 35

CAPSOFUNGIN griseofulvin is the only answer for mitosis flucytosine is the only answer for RNA/DNA synthesis everything else attacks the cell membrane

Question 36

question stem describes an increase in synthesizing type enzymes like dihydrofolate reductase and DNA polymerase which means what?

Answer 36

means that it is about to enter the S phase immediately before the S phase is the G1-S checkpoint and that is governed by Rb

Question 37

as a result of methothrexate administration, what will build up in embryonic tissue?

Answer 37

dihdrofolate (polyglutamate)

Question 38

what are cholesteomas made of?

Answer 38

sqaumous cell debris (not cholesterol)

Question 39

what happens with androgen abuse?

Answer 39

supression of GnRh, LH, FSH decreased ENDOGENOUS testosterone secretion impaired spermiogeneiss, testicular atrophy, and excess exogenous testosterone is converted to estrogen

Question 40

mitral stenosis in early presentation

Answer 40

exertional dyspnea at rest: LV diastoloic pressure, afterload, contractility remain normal until progression to severe mitral stenosis

Question 41

what is this

Answer 41

cryptococcus only one hta thas a polysaccharide capsuel capsule appears red with mecarmine stain clear with india ink

Question 42

even if they tell you that they dont have dark or blood stools or PMB, what do you still have to look for if they have hypochromic microcytic anemia?

Answer 42

occult blodo loss

Question 43

what is hereditary hemorrhagic telagniectais? (weber renow olslwo dz)

Answer 43

AD mutation in TGFb

Question 44

hydroxyurea can cause pancytopenia how?

Answer 44

inhibits nucleic acid syntheiss (inhibits ribonucleatide reductase)

Question 45

does metformin change endogenous insulin production?

Answer 45

no

Question 46

aortic regurgitation can result from what two things

Answer 46

aortic root dilation eccentric cardiohypertrophy

Question 47

ulcers and diarrhea, pancreatic tumor, what is being secreteing

Answer 47

gastrin

Question 48

a pt with SCD on folic acid can still develpo what?

Answer 48

macrocytic anemia due to folate def, because they have higher folic acid requirements

Question 49

NCAM neruon specific enolase chromogranin synaptophysin

Answer 49

small cell cancer lots of Ns

Question 50

hydrocephalus after SAH is due to what?

Answer 50

impaired rabsorption of CSF

Question 51

put cells in hypertonic solution and release glycerol, what is it?

Answer 51

heridtary spherocytosis at incresed risk for pigment gallstones

Question 52

know

Answer 52

Question 53

what bacteria does gama hemolysis on blood agar

Answer 53

enterococcus

Question 54

single temporal lobe abscess from ear infectiong gets there how?

Answer 54

mastoid air cells

Question 55

what type of h flu can make vaxxed kids sick?

Answer 55

the kind that lacks capusle

Question 56

loperimide inhibits the release of what?

Answer 56

Ach antidiarrheal

Question 57

tamoxifen can be given in what condiiton

Answer 57

drug induced gyncomastia

Question 58

hyperkalemia and visual disturbance, what drug is causing the issue?

Answer 58

digoxin

Question 59

myocardial infarct timeline

Answer 59

Question 60

LONG SLENDER MICROVILLI AND TONOFILAMNETS

Answer 60

MESOTHELOIMA

Question 61

hypertensive emergency can result i what?

Answer 61

fibrinoid necrosis if the small arteries

Question 62

tetanus prevents reelase of what?

Answer 62

glycine and gaba

Question 63

celiac dz increase risk for what?

Answer 63

t cell lymphoma