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Stuff I Get Wrong > The Big Sad (tm) > Flashcards

The Big Sad (tm) Flashcards

1
Q

What do HOX genes encode?

A

transcription factors

they trasncript the arms and legs

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2
Q

E coli strain o157:h7 uses a toxin that has what MOA?

A

shiga like toxin

halts protein synthesis by disableing the 60s ribosomal subunit leading to intestinal epithelial cell death and diarrhea

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3
Q

cerebral edema, laryngeal edema and hyperinflated lungs could mean?

A

anaphylaxis

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4
Q

diphenoxylate helps solve diarrhea by what mechanism?

A

slowing motility

mu opiod receptor binder

combined with atropine to avoid abuse

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5
Q

what is enesthitis?

A

inflammation due to emchanial stress at sites of tendon insertion

common in psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, and reactive arthritis

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6
Q

what is responsible for fibroblast and vascularization of granulatio tissue formation?

A

VEGF

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7
Q

what are the two tumor options that a blue tumor under the nail could be?

A

glomangioma-modified smooth muscle used in thermoregu;lation

subungual melanoma (melanocytes)

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8
Q

aminoglycosides distrubte where?

dosing?

A

into the extracellular space

use an adjusted body wieght in obese people, since it cannot distribute into adipose

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9
Q

epyema is made up of

to help clear up an epyema, what should be used in addition to abx?

A

pus and fibrosis

drugs that cause actigation of fibrin bound plasminogen like tPa or streptokinase

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10
Q

describe how diarrhea can lead to uric acid stones (rhomboid shaped

A

diarrhea leads to fluid loss and metabolic acidosis

the acidic urine leads to precipiation of uric acid (insoluble) rather than soluble urate

the uric acid crystalizes into stones

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11
Q

what might a smear of parvovirus look like?

A
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12
Q

in global cerebral ischemia, what cells are affected first?

A

CA1 cells of the hippocampus

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13
Q

paraproteins is another word for

A

monoclonal immunoglobulins

seen in MM and cause ruloux formation

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14
Q

what is this

A

syphillis in warthrin silver stain

treat with PNC which inhibits transpeptidase and bacterial cell wall cross linking

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15
Q

whats more common, pancreatic ductal epithelial carcinoma or pancreatic acinar carcinoma?

A

pancreatic duct epithelial carcinoma is more common

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16
Q

plaque rupture can be caused by

A

metalloproteinases which degrade the collegen and reduce stability

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17
Q

blowing holosystolic murmur at the leftn sternum that isnt present at birth but can be heart several days later?

A

VSD (noncyanotic)

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18
Q

what findings are suggestive of secondary reactivated TB?

A

fever, weight loss, night sweats with acid fast bacilli and upper lobe cavitary lesion

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19
Q

what findings on a peripheral blood smear would you see with hemolytic anemia?

A

reticulocytes

spherocytes

nucleated RBCs

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20
Q

terbinafine MOA (got it right)

A

inhibits sqaulene epoxidase

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21
Q

in the first week of TB exposure and infection, what is the pathophysiology?

A

intracellular bacterial proliferation

in the following several weeks T cells release INFy to recruite macrophages

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22
Q

PAVA

A

purkinje

Atria

Ventrical

AV node

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23
Q

in minimal change dz, is the protein leaking through because of thinning of the basement membrane or loss of anions?

A

loss of anions

this feels more transient, just like minimal change disease

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24
Q

is ALL immature or matture?

A

immature

CLL/SLL are mature

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25
Q

underlying colonic malignancy is the greatest risk factor for gas gangrene caused by what bacteria?

A

C. septicum

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26
Q

what is the most common indolent NHL with waxing and waning (swelling off and on of a LN)

A

follucular lympjoma 14;18 overepression of BCL2

27
Q

in the event of nuclear exposure, give what?

A

KI

potassium iodide

28
Q

what happens to GABA and NMDA Receptors in acute ETOH withdrawal?

A

abrupt cessation in ETOH causes GABA A to decrease due to recpetor internalization and increase in glutamate activity binding to NMDA receptors

chronic ETOH use leads to upregulation of NMDA receptors

the over excitation caused by glutamate-NMDA leads to tremors, anxiety and eventually sz

29
Q

cardiac contractility is increasing and preipharl resistance is decressing. what drug?

A

isoproteronol (B1 and B2)

30
Q

good review

A
31
Q

mu opiod antagonist for constipations

A

methylnaltrexone

32
Q

is sarcoid CD4 or CD8?

A

Sarcoid-CD4

CD4 helper cells help make sarcoidosis

33
Q

what is a charcot bouchard aneurysm?

A

intracerebral hemorrhage

assox with HTN

location: basal ganglia

cerebellum

thalamus

pons

progressive neuro defects and HA

34
Q

are pt’s with ataxia telangiectasias hypersentive to radiation damage?

A

yes because there is a defect in DNA repair

35
Q

if the stem is talking about a fungal CELL WALL in relation to a drug, what is the only option?

A

CAPSOFUNGIN

griseofulvin is the only answer for mitosis

flucytosine is the only answer for RNA/DNA synthesis

everything else attacks the cell membrane

36
Q

question stem describes an increase in synthesizing type enzymes like dihydrofolate reductase and DNA polymerase which means what?

A

means that it is about to enter the S phase

immediately before the S phase is the G1-S checkpoint and that is governed by Rb

37
Q

as a result of methothrexate administration, what will build up in embryonic tissue?

A

dihdrofolate (polyglutamate)

38
Q

what are cholesteomas made of?

A

sqaumous cell debris (not cholesterol)

39
Q

what happens with androgen abuse?

A

supression of GnRh, LH, FSH

decreased ENDOGENOUS testosterone secretion

impaired spermiogeneiss, testicular atrophy, and excess exogenous testosterone is converted to estrogen

40
Q

mitral stenosis in early presentation

A

exertional dyspnea

at rest: LV diastoloic pressure, afterload, contractility remain normal until progression to severe mitral stenosis

41
Q

what is this

A

cryptococcus

only one hta thas a polysaccharide capsuel

capsule appears red with mecarmine stain clear with india ink

42
Q

even if they tell you that they dont have dark or blood stools or PMB, what do you still have to look for if they have hypochromic microcytic anemia?

A

occult blodo loss

43
Q

what is hereditary hemorrhagic telagniectais? (weber renow olslwo dz)

A

AD mutation in TGFb

44
Q

hydroxyurea can cause pancytopenia how?

A

inhibits nucleic acid syntheiss (inhibits ribonucleatide reductase)

45
Q

does metformin change endogenous insulin production?

A

no

46
Q

aortic regurgitation can result from what two things

A

aortic root dilation

eccentric cardiohypertrophy

47
Q

ulcers and diarrhea, pancreatic tumor, what is being secreteing

A

gastrin

48
Q

a pt with SCD on folic acid can still develpo what?

A

macrocytic anemia due to folate def, because they have higher folic acid requirements

49
Q

NCAM

neruon specific enolase

chromogranin

synaptophysin

A

small cell cancer

lots of Ns

50
Q

hydrocephalus after SAH is due to what?

A

impaired rabsorption of CSF

51
Q

put cells in hypertonic solution and release glycerol, what is it?

A

heridtary spherocytosis

at incresed risk for pigment gallstones

52
Q

know

A
53
Q

what bacteria does gama hemolysis on blood agar

A

enterococcus

54
Q

single temporal lobe abscess from ear infectiong gets there how?

A

mastoid air cells

55
Q

what type of h flu can make vaxxed kids sick?

A

the kind that lacks capusle

56
Q

loperimide inhibits the release of what?

A

Ach

antidiarrheal

57
Q

tamoxifen can be given in what condiiton

A

drug induced gyncomastia

58
Q

hyperkalemia and visual disturbance, what drug is causing the issue?

A

digoxin

59
Q

myocardial infarct timeline

A
60
Q

LONG SLENDER MICROVILLI AND TONOFILAMNETS

A

MESOTHELOIMA

61
Q

hypertensive emergency can result i what?

A

fibrinoid necrosis if the small arteries

62
Q

tetanus prevents reelase of what?

A

glycine and gaba

63
Q

celiac dz increase risk for what?

A

t cell lymphoma

64
Q
A

Stuff I Get Wrong (34 decks)

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