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Stuff I Get Wrong > General 2 > Flashcards

General 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A case control study is descriebd as

what is the outcome measured by

A

looking at the cases (people with the dz) vs the controsl (people without the diz)

Odds ratio (what are the odds of the dz

COHORT is RISKY

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2
Q

where in the nephron is the lowest oms?

A

DCT

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3
Q

in familial dyspbetalipoproteineimia III, what is dysfunctional?

A

APOE 3 or 4

can’t reuptake VLDL or chylomicrons so they acucmulate

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4
Q

aortocavitary fistulas are an uncommon side efect of what?

what does the blood flow look like?

A

IVDA

flows from aortic root to r ventricle continuously (high pr essure to low pressure, L-R shunt)

leads to continous murmur

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5
Q

psuedomonas looks like

is tx with?

A

cefipime (amonf others)

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6
Q

In e coli HUS, what type of bilirubin is elevated?

A

serum indirect bilirubin is eelvated

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7
Q

besides metronidazole, how can you treat BV?

A

clindamycin

(metro below the diaphragm, clinda above, except for BV)

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8
Q

in a subarachnoid hemorrhage, willm you see intracerebral hemorrahge or blood in the sulci?

A

blood in the sulic

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9
Q

what normal process in the liver is inhibited in alcoholics leading to hypoglucemia?

A

gluconeogenesis

pyruvate to acoa is thiamine depednent

aKG to succinyl coa is thiamine depdenent

NADH is required throughout

both these are oftend depldeted in alcoholics

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10
Q

what are the main complications of sjogrens?

A

dental caires, corneal damage

NHL

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11
Q

what are the findings of hyperIgM syndrome?

A
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12
Q

where is the SI biopsied if worried about celiac dz?

A
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13
Q

if theyre describing 3syphilis to you and they tell you the pt has a genital lesion, will it be a chancre or a gumma?

A

a gumma if it’s 3’

a condyloma lata if it’s 2’

a chancre if its 1’

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14
Q

schistocytes indicate what dz?

what occurs to haptoglobin levels in this state?

A

hemolytic anemia

haptoglobin decreases

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15
Q

a floppy baby with little hard poops, enlarged fontanelleae, umbilical hernia, protruding tongue , ? juandice can indicate what?

A

hypothyroidism

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16
Q

what are the s/s of hyperphosphatemia?

what can cause it?

A

hypocalcemia

CKD

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17
Q

crytpococcus neofrormans will have a + what test

A

india ink stain

latex agglutination

cx on SArbourd agar

think of Dr. Sarbourd in india cleaning the crypts with latex gloves on

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18
Q

a lesion to the inferior pons will compress which nerves?

A

V

VI

VII

VIII–nystagmus

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19
Q

is EF preserved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

yes, weirdly

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20
Q

what are some common causes of NAGMA and HAGMA

A
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21
Q

how do triptans work?

A

5HT1b1d agonists that bind to trigeminal r and inhibit CGRP and cause vasoconstriction

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22
Q

what class of drugs in Alzheimers can precipitate bradycardia and AV block?

A

anti cholinergics, donespil, rivastigmine, etc.

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23
Q

what is the defense against Giardia?

A

IgA and CD4 celsls

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24
Q

alanine is converted to what to make glucose?

A

aKG

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25
Q

is the muscularis thick or thin in Chron’s disease?

A

Thick!

C-chrons, C-thiccc

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26
Q

in diverticulosis, what are the muscle laywers involved?

A

there is no muscularis propia in the diverticulm

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27
Q

high frequency deep brain stimulation can be done where in the brain for Parkinson’s?

A

subthalamic nucleus

results in thalamocortical disinhibition

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28
Q

what is the cause of jejunal/ileal atresia?

A

vascular occlusion/anomaly

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29
Q

where is collagen synthesized?

A

in the RER

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30
Q

what is the PaO2, SaoO2, and O2 content in chronic blood loss?

A

PaO2 andSaO2 are normal

O2 content is decreased

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31
Q

what demarcates indirect vs direct inguinal hernia

A

the inferior epigastric vessels

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32
Q

what nonvesciular rash can be seen with HSV?

A

erythema multiforme

remmeber the edward cullen looking guy from sketchy with his rash

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33
Q

Azithioprine has what effect on B and t cells?

A

Decreases B and T cell count, decreases Ig and Il2

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34
Q

what pathogenic mechanism causes the cavitary lesions in TB?

A

leukocyte aggregation (activatED()

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35
Q

what is the MOA of sevelmer

A

oral phosphate binding resin that reduces systemic absorption of pO, typically used in CKD

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36
Q

what is the only prokaryotic ploymerase to have 5-3’ exonuclease activity?

A

DNA polymerase 1

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37
Q

where is the binding site for complement on Ig?

A

Fc region near the hinge

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38
Q

wht is a contraindication to testosteorne therapy/

A

hematocrit >50%

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39
Q

how does congenital hypothyroidism occur?

A

transplacental trasnfer of thyroxine

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40
Q

hypermobile joints and elastic skin think

A

ED-collagen synthesis defect

it’s never marfans, elizabeth. really. it’s not.

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41
Q

anterior nose bleeds occur where?

A

in the septum in Kesselbauchs plexus made up of

anterior ethmoidal

sphenopalatine

superior labial arteries

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42
Q

activation of which receptor type leads to immedaite flux of Na, Ca, and K?

A

nichotinic cholinergic R

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43
Q

most sporadic colorectal carinomas are due to mutation in what?

A

APC tumor supressor

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44
Q

learn this babe

A
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45
Q

h pylor might be described as what

A

an ulcer that when tested for pH turns red (high pH)

pH is high because of ammonia (urease)

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46
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase is high in infections/injury and causes acidosis. under ischemic conditions, what is inhibited, causing this build up?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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47
Q

what do eosiniphils look like?

what is their function?

A

destruction of helmonuths

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48
Q

how does prostate cancer metastasize to the lumbar spine?

A

prostatic venous plexus

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49
Q

what can you give with methotrexate to mitigate some of the folate related side effects?

whats another name that could be used because UW is a butthole?

A

leucovorin

folinic acid

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50
Q

strep pneumo is described how

what is it’s virulence factor?

how does the VF work?

A

gram + in pairs (+- lancet shape)

polysaccharide capsuel (armor in skeychy)

makes it resistant to phagocytosis

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51
Q

facial pain, headache and a nasal eschar in a pt with redcent DKA, what is the dx?

how do you dx?

A

mucor or rhizopus

nasal mucosal biopst

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52
Q

how do you calculate TPR

A
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53
Q

describe the pathogenesis of b12 def in autoimmune gastritis?

A

autoimmune response that makes B cells which make autoab

autoimmuune response activates CD 4 T cells which attack the parietal cells and decrease them

this decreases gastric acid secretion and intrinsic factor

this leads to increase gastrin secretion by G cells in antrum and B12 def.

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54
Q

what might a pilocytic astrocytoma look like on mri

what are some other features?

A

rosenthal fibers, hair like projections, GFAP + frequently in the cerebellum, present with cerebellar signs/sx

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55
Q

if you think it sounds like a cushing syndrome, what else could it be?

A

lipodystrophy from antiretrovirals

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56
Q

what action does the supraspinatus primarily do

A

EXTENSION

S-for Sextension supraspinatus

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57
Q

s/s of dermatitis herpetiformis

A

steatorrhea

erythema and pruritis on the extensor surfaces with bullae and vesicles

IgA deposits

increased intestinal intraepithelial lymphocte s

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58
Q

low levels of what in the urine are found in those with increased calium oxalate stones?

A

low urinary citrate

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59
Q

what enzymes are antioxidants?

which aare proxidants?

A

superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase

NADPH oxidase

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60
Q

what drug class is used to treat priaprism /prolonged erection?

A

a1 adrenergic agonism

it’s agonizing to have A boner for tht long

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61
Q

you got this one babe

what does a fluid volume sqaure look like with DI?

A
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62
Q

know the different eting disorders

tbh this question was kinda stupud

A
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63
Q

biotin is used in the conversion of what to what

and others

A

pyrivate to OXA

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64
Q

describe coronary autoregulation in the setting of significant stenosis (>50%)

A

perfusion pressure decreases but vasodilation allows blood flow to stay relative constant

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65
Q

what vein can be occluded by pancoast tumor or trombosis leading to unilateral venous dilation, facial plethora?

A

brachiocephalic vein

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66
Q

where are central lines placed?

what embryo does SVC come ffomr?

A

into the IJV or Sbclavian V until they reache the SVC

cardinal vins

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67
Q

ICS increase the responsiveness to what other asthma drug?

A

B2 R agonists (buy upregulating B2R)

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68
Q

nitroprusside does what to preload and afterload in CHF?

A

decreses preload and decreases afterload

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69
Q

what is the histology of a myxoma?

A

amorphous extracellular material

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70
Q

warfin indujced skin necrosis can be precipitated by underlying

A

protein C def.

leads to transient hypercoag state and microocclusions

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71
Q

is VQ ratio increased or decreased in exercise?

A

increased~

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72
Q

is the serpentine cord in TB related to acid-fastnes or virulendce?

A

virulence (lassoing the cells)

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73
Q

defect in CD18 means

what will you see on cbc?

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

persistent leukocytosis

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74
Q

what glucose metabolism disorder is symptomess?

A

fructokinase def.

gets shunted over by hexokinase

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75
Q

sertoli cells make ___ stimulated by ____

Ledig cells make ___ stimulated by ___

A

inhibin; FSH

Testosterone, LH

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76
Q

atelectasis (white out lung) will have tracheal deviation

A

towards the affected side

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77
Q

what is a type of PBP?

A

transpeptidases

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78
Q

describe FGF23 and phosphate metabolism?

A

suppresses vit D

inhibits renal reabsorption of phost.

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79
Q

does heparin prolong both pt and ptt?

A

apparently

80
Q

in aplastic anemia, what is the MCV and the haptoglobin?

A

normal and normal

81
Q

h pylori can lead to what

which can cause what?

A

multifocal atrophy

Maltoma

82
Q

what does mitral stenosis look/sound like?

A
83
Q

antiPLARy2 ab in the setting of nephrotic synfomr mean wha?

A

membranous nephropahy

84
Q

what is pathonuemonic for dibaetic nephropathy on histology?

A

kellemer wilson lesions

85
Q

understand mosaicism

A
86
Q

what to auer rods look like?

what cancer is this most seen in?

A

AML, especially APML 15;17

87
Q

what type of cell makes IL2?

A

t cells

88
Q

more stats stuff that my brain STRUGGLES with

A
89
Q

ope ya missed a AIP quest, who’s surprirsed?

A
90
Q

you got this one wrong before—

blind vag, bulge in inguinal area, looks like a female

high testosterone

A

x linked mutation in androgen receptor

91
Q

what do you treat pheochromocytoma with?

A

phenoxybenzamine (names sound similar)

92
Q

a difference in phenotype despite same genes measn what?

A

variable expreability

93
Q

how do nitrates effect HR and EDV of the LV?

A

increases HR

decreases EDV

this reduces O2 demand on the heart by decreasing preload

94
Q

describe Albright’s herediary osteodystrophy?

what is the endocrine issue?

what is that?

A

short stature with short fingers and toes

hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

high PTH

psuedohypoparathyroidism

resistance to PTH in the end orfans

95
Q

allelic heterogenity describes what?

A

same phenotype

different genotype

96
Q

hepatomegaly, gonadal dystrophy, and joint pains in the setting of hyperpigmentation indicates hwat?

A

hemochromotasis

elevated dermal hemosiderin deposition

97
Q

portal hypertension can lead to blood backup in what vessel?

A

splenic vein

splenic congestion and splenomegay

due to retrograde flow from the liver

98
Q

if you see yellow/tan honey crusting over skin, even if it’s a burn, what bacteria is it?

A

staph aureus causing impetico

99
Q

what mechanism does psudomonas use to be abx resistant?

A

efflux pumos

100
Q

where is preproinsuline found?

A

cytosl (N-terminal)

101
Q

a-ketoacid dehydrogenase def is seen in waht?

what cofactor is needed for this reaction?

A

maple syrup urine dz

thiamine

102
Q

if testosterone is low in the smeiniferous tubules and epipdiymis, what is missing?

A

sertoli cells that secrete ABP and bind up the testosterone in that space

103
Q

glucagon is mediat4ed by what recepotr?

A

GPCR

104
Q

what causes hypoglycemic, hypoketotic syndrome after prolonged fast?

A

ACoA dehydrogenase deficiency

105
Q

last minute memorize list

A
106
Q

how do you treat hepatic encephalopathy?

wjat is the MOA?

A

lactulose

acidifies the intestinal lymen

NH3 converts to NH4

107
Q

if warfin does stuff to cypc19, does cyp450 still change it>

A

yes

108
Q

the two hit hypothesis

A

germline has one inactivaated allele

secondhit happens during life

109
Q

know these!

if recurrent laryngeal nerve is affected, which muscles are affected?

A

posterior cricoarytenois

lateral cricoarytenois

oblique orytenoid

transverse areythenoid

thyroarytenoid

ALL the arytenoids

110
Q

DNA viruses besides except poxviruses, replicate where?

RNA viruses, except orthomixo and retro, replicate where?

A

in the nucleus

in the cytoplasm

111
Q

what does hashimotos look like?

A
112
Q

wwhere is broca’s area?

A
113
Q

post-ganglionic autonomic nerves are myelinated or nonmyelinated?

A

nonmyelinated!

114
Q

what are some weird less common sx of iron def. anemia?

A

reduced taste sensation, burning sensation in mouth and lip dryness

115
Q

stop getting this wronggggg

prader willi

deletion

duplication

A

paternal deletion

maternal duplication (disomy)

opposite for angelmans

116
Q

if it doesnt transiliminate and disappears when you lie down, what is it?

A

varicocele

117
Q

when using antiandrogen, what happens do testosterone,

A

it decreases in synthesis (over time)

118
Q

CATCH-22 in Digeorge syndrome, what does the first C stand for?

A

conotruncal caridac defects

incluide truncus arteriosus

119
Q

last minue memoriziation

A
120
Q

aspergillus can look like what

can stain with what?

A

methenamine silver

121
Q

i dont understand vit d and phosphate

A
122
Q

damage to the middle cerebral artery can cause what vision defect?

A

homonymious hemianopia

123
Q

know the sleep disturbances

A
124
Q

what is an example of developmental field defect?

A

holoprosencepahly due to trisomy 13 or other mutations and environment like ETOH or reintoids

initlial defect leads to a bunch of issues

125
Q

what’s more common in down syndrome, duodenal atresia or pyloric stenosis?

A

duodenal atresia (D-Downs. D-duodenal)

126
Q

What part of the tibia is affected in Osgood Schlatter syndrome?

A

the tibial tubercle

127
Q

what test do you order if you think someone has trichomonas?

A

wet mount

128
Q

n-MPO antibodies are the same as

A

PANCA

(eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis is one example)

129
Q

which cholesterol drug class can increase triglycerides?

A

bile acid binding resins (cholesturamine)

130
Q

deos maternal IgM cross the placenta?

can neonate make own IgM and IgG?

A

no, but IgG can

yes

131
Q

what type of transporter is GLUT4?

A

facilitated diffusion (carrrier mediated transpot)

132
Q

helpfu; HIV drugs

A
133
Q

RBF and GFR increase or decrease in pregnanct?

creatinine increases or decreases in pregnancy?

A

increase

decrease

134
Q

total vascular systemic resistance increases or decreases during stress/exercise?

A

decreases to help get blood to more places

135
Q

in atrial fibrillation, clots are likely to get thrown. what organs are susceptible to these infarctS?

A

brain and kidneys

136
Q

which branch of tirgeminal will cause muffled hearing and pain with mastication (pterygoid syndrome?)

A

mandibular branch V3

137
Q

what parameters are changed with vsd?

A
138
Q

which part of the pancrease is derived from the ventral pancreatic primoridum?

A

main pancreatic duct

139
Q

know these correlation coefficient graphs

A
140
Q

in addition to proteus, what else can cause large staghorn calculi?

A

KLBSIELLA (like the horn on the dinosaur in sketchy)

141
Q

besides pseudomonas and staph aureus what else likes to wreak havoc in CF patients?

A

Burkholderia cepacia sinopulmonary infection

142
Q

someone who hasn’t traveled/drank bad water, and has a liver absecess, what is the likely cause?

A

staph aureus hematogenous spread

most liver absdcesses in the usa are from bacterial sources

143
Q

what type of immunity and which cytokine is the primary driver of giant cell arteritis?

A

cell mediated, IL6 (not MPO anca)

144
Q

inhbition of what is very good at targeting T and B cells cancers?

A

ADA inhibitoin (cladrinbine)

145
Q

what sort of defect can lead to increased risk of testicular torsion?

A

anatomical defect increasing mobility (bellclapper abnormalitiy)

146
Q

know these elizabethhhh

A
147
Q

what are the manifestations of sciatic nerve injury?

A

weakness in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

weak knee flexion

148
Q

cranial nerve palsies in diabetics can be caused by?

A

diabetic mononeuropathy due to vacular ischemia suplping the nerve

149
Q

in pt’s taking large amounts of albuterol, what can happen to K?

A

large intracellular shifts of K leading to hypokalemia

150
Q

addtive efects and synergysim mean what?

by comparison, permissiveness means what?

A

two drugs function towards the same end goal and increase towards that same goal when used together

permisiveness is when one drug doesn’t do anything to achieve X goal but when given with a drug that does achieve X goal, it increases the efficacy

151
Q

in doing surgery of the right atrium, what nerve is most at risk of injury?

A

the phrenic nerve

reccurent laryngeal is most at risk during thyroid surgery

152
Q

what do the extra ocular muscles look like on MRI?

A

what nerve supplies lateral rectus? ABDUCENS

153
Q

subacute thyroiditis aka

A

granulomatous, De Quervians

thyroid pain, fever, initially hyperthyroid then hypothyroid

elevated thyroglobulin

decreased radioactive iodine uptake

154
Q

pt’s with bleeding, bruising, swollen gums, ecchymoses, etc, what is the porblem?

what is the problem in scurvy?

A

scurvy (vit c defi)

collagen synthesis is messed up

can’t undergo hydroxylation of proline and ;ysine

155
Q

asymetric breathsounds in a neonate should make you think of what right away?

A

diaphragmatic hernia leading to pulmonary hypoplasia

156
Q

“slapped cheek” rash, is what virus?

what cell is infected in parvo?1

A

parvo

erythrocytes

157
Q

how does bacterial resistance develop for aminoglycosides (streptomucin)

A

mutation in ribosomal proteins

transferase mutations

porin mutations

158
Q

what is increased/decreased in TOF?

A

RVOT causes blood thru pulm artery to be blocked, leading to decreased pressure in the pulm artery (cuz no blood), but the R ventricle presure is increased cuz its’ stuck. L atrial pressure is decreased because blood can’t get form r to l very well.

159
Q

1st gen antipsychotics

2nd gen antipsychotics

A

EPS

metabolic syndromes

160
Q

what are the s/s of osteomyelitis?

A

fever, refusal to bear weight

inflammation and icnrased uptake of radiotracer

affects long bone metaphysis

161
Q

if it says there is no immune complex deposition or immunoglobulin depsition, what must it be?

A

pauci immune (ANCA)

162
Q

what is the cardiotoxic pathology ot trazutizumab?

A

decreased cardiac contractility with no fibrosis or necrosis

often reversible

163
Q

what do you treat PAH with?

A

endothelin receptor antagonist-bonsentan

164
Q

elvated AFP in serum and Achesterase in amnio can indicate what?

A

anencephaly

failure of fusion of the edges of the neural plate

165
Q

chorioretinitis, brain calcifications, hepatomegaly, juanice, all inidcate which TORCHES?

A

toxoplasmosis- can get form undercooked meat

166
Q

misclassification bias is a type of what?

A

recall bias

167
Q

what is the most common bacteria and virus in COPD exacerbations

A

h flu and rhiniovirus

168
Q

vertebral factures are pretty pathonumo for what>

PTH and Ca levels are what in this dz?

A

osteoporisus

normal

169
Q

pericardial knock is heard when?

acute pericarditis is indicated when

A

early diastole, shortly after S2, easy to confus with S3

assoz with constrictive pericarditis

pain improves with leaning forard, hear a friction rub

170
Q

unfractionated heparin and direct thrombin inhibitors (gabatrans) will prolong what time?

direct Xa inhibitors will prolong

A

trhombin time

PT and PTT but not thrombin time

171
Q

if BMI is <18.5, what is the likely dianosis

A

anorexia (could be binge purge, so don’t think it’s bulimeia )

172
Q

antigenic variation allows

A

bacteria to reinfect the host, esp if only IgA and IgG ab are formed which aren’t great long term

173
Q

PEs can cause right ventricular cavity to increase or decrease in size?

A

increase in cavity zise (dilation) rather than hypertrophy

174
Q

what are the s/s of TCA overdose?

A

tachycardia, delirium, dialed pupils

orthostatic hypotension

conduction defects/arrhythmias

SZ/tremros

sedation, increased apetite

175
Q

a pt just had a stroke because of peripheral artery stenosis in the carotid, what drug may be added?

what is a complication of said drug?

A

Aspirin

gi bleed

176
Q

waht changes with old age in reference to dixogin?

liver or kidney?

A

renal clearnace of the drug can diminish with age and cause yelow vision amon ogher s/s

177
Q

porcelain gallbladder is assox with which gallbladder Ca?

A

adenocarcinoma

cholangiocarcinoma is assox with fibrosis from fluke or pimrary sclerosing cholangitis

178
Q

diphtheria can undergo what process to incresae what kind of toxin?

A

phage to make exptoxin

179
Q

features of TTP?

A
180
Q

can you be aware during focal onset seizures?

A

yes

181
Q

what is teh defect in alkaptonuria?

A

def of homoginstic acid diogenase

can’t turn tyrosine into fumarate for teh TCA

black pee

182
Q

posteruir rostral pons in the near the lateral floor of the 4th ventricle, waht is secerete ther?

A

NE from locus ceruilis

183
Q

is clubbing significant for COPD?

A

no unless there is underling malignancy

more assoc withn malignangy

184
Q

mutliloped nutrophils are assox with cobalamin or folate def. ?

A

folate def.

Folate-4-8 lobed neutrophils (more like 6-8)

185
Q

injury to the plantar foot can injure which enrve?

A

tibial nerve

loss of plantar flexion, stuch in dorsiflexion/feversion

186
Q

live attenuated polio virus will lead to accumualtion of what ab?

A

duodena limunila igA because likes ot replicate in pyeers patches

187
Q

fluid hydrothorax can occur in cirhosisi because of fluid movement where?

A

across the daipharem

188
Q

first generation antihistamines can have what affects on what receptor?

A

muscaronic r antagonism leading to anticholinergic effects like dialted pupils and flushed chekes

189
Q

aromatase inhitors include

these cantreat what?

A

letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane

ER+, HER- breast cancer

190
Q

what makes the red stuff PAS + in whipple disease

A

glycoprotien

191
Q

homebirth babies being brought in with downward gaze, AMS, bluging fontanel could have what?

A

ICH due to lack of vit K

192
Q

spike and dome with sulver stain assox with lupus and diffuse thickening with neprhotic sx what is it?

A

membranous nephropahty

193
Q

what does FSGS look like

A
194
Q

what does membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis look like

A
195
Q

what part of the ventricles is enlarged in huntingtons?

A

enlarged frontal horn of lateral ventricle

atrophy of caudarte nucleus

Stuff I Get Wrong (34 decks)

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