JEFFREY BEZOS Flashcards
down’s syndrome caused by nondisjunction occurs during what meiosis phase?
Meiosis 1
the ovarian artery, vein, lyphatics are located where?
in the suspensory ligameent of the ovaria (infundibulopelvic L.)
injury to the sacral spinal nerves could cause what?
distal colon stool retention, fecal inconitnence, weak sphingter
all mycoplasma species lack what?
peptidoglycan cell wall
testicular germ cell tumors which secrete____ can cause gynceomastia by what mechanims?
hcg
impaired testosterone production and increased aromitization of leydig cells
remember that exudates will have high
protein or LDH
not triglycerides (chylothorax transudates could tho)
the deficency in AIP is
as a result, ___ can be upregulated, espeically with CYP inducers, ETOH, or smoking, which causes the abdominal pain and other sx
Treatment is ___
Porphobilinogen deaminase
ALA synthetase
glucose or hemin which inhibit ALA synthetase atviy, reducing sx
what is the moa of Ziduvodine
NRTI
thymidine analogue lacking 3’ OH group causing chain termiantion
ehich TB drug causes optic neuropathy?
EThambutol
EFFECts the EYES
tap protines involved in
MCH1
positive s100 and HMB45 means
melanoma
s100 is on cells from NCC lineage (including melanocytes)
there are 100s of melanocytes in melanoma
persitent bronchial dilation aka ___ is asox with ___
bronchiectasis
kartagner syndrome (not pancreatic insuff which is CF)
overexpression of HER2 is more/less aggressive than ER+ or PR+?
More aggressive, tx with trazuuzumab
5a reductase inhibitors do what? (finasteride)
decrease conversion of T to DHT, therefore build up of T, less DHT and increase in estradiol
(estradiol increases because extra T gets converted to E)
arginine is a precursor to what?
NO
also CRT and UREA
(CUN)
BH4 is required cofactor to make NO
enterococcus can cause
endocarditis after GU rpocedures
UTIs
wound infections
grows in 6.5% NaCl and bile
licthinase (alpha toxin) in C. perfringens does what?
degrades lecithin, part of the phospholipid bilyaer leading to membrane damage, death and necrosis
large AV fistulas can cause what?
which cause what?
decreased SVR
increasd CO and increasd venous return
eventually heart can’t kepe up and heart faulure results
what is the major pathogenic contributor to a fib?
atrial remodeling
what are two major risk factors of prolonged EPO use?
HTN and thromboembolism
what is reactive thrombocytosis?
most common cause of elevated PLT in any age group
high levels of IL6
seen in chronic infection, burns, rheumatologic dz, hemolysis and iron def
glioblastoma multiforme
Tdt+, youth, mediastinal mass, lots of circulating lymhoblasts
ALL
PSGN will have decreased C3 or C4?
C3 decreased
C3PO-PSGN
helpful chart on nephrotic syndrome
which cells form the atheroma, macrophages or smooth muscle?
smooth muscle
do you need a slit lamp to see keiser fiecher rigns?
yes aparantly
in chronic lung graft rejection, what will be seen on patholog?
bronchilitis oblitertans
what changes are seen post-orchiectomy?
initial drop in T so Leydig cells stimulate LH and testosterone normalizes
Sperm count may still be low
prolonged QRS can be seen with
class IC antiarrythmics (flecainade)
what is the most commmon cause of elevated AFP?
dating errors, tf?
Left HF can lead to pulmonary edema causing what?
lungs are stiff and heavy and compliance decreases
thiazides cause accumulation of Ca where?
in the blood
not the urine, hence why it helps avoid calcium stones becaue Ca in urine makes stones, CA in blood does not make stones
help
exclusively breast fed infants need what?
vit D
babys need size D breasts
epinephrine effects
nephrotic syndrome is ___ state?
hypercoaguable
loss of antithrombin III and other anticoagulant factors is responsible for the thrombic outcomes of neprhotic syndrome
what kills people from lightening, burns or arrhythmias
arrhytmias smart ass
h pylori where can lead to duodenal uclers
gastric antrum
what homrones use zinc fingers?
thyroid, steroid, ADEK
order of stabbs
painful tender firm uterus with vaginal bleeding and no hx of c/s
placental abrutpiont
if hx of c/s and sketchy fetal HS probably uterine rupture
what is a common electorlyte aberation of TMP SMX?
hyperkalemia
HY CO poisoning
high altitude sickness
does demyleination decrease lenght (space) constant or temporal summation?dec
decreases length constant (in MS)
sorbitol is converted to
fructose
acellular pink material in alveoli
pulmonary edema
what cells line a glial scar?
astrocytes
what abortive drug acts as a partia progesterone agonist in pregnancty
mifeprostone
mesotheliomas stain positive for
cytokeratins and maybe calretinin
mtDNA dz effect family members differently becayse if
heteroplasmy
what is the round mass made of in pyloric stenosis?
smooth muscle proliferation
draw this
