The auditory system Flashcards by Ethan Furtado

What is olfactory epihelium composed of

Supporting cells
Basal cells
Receptor cells

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Why are the receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium important

Contain receptor proteins
Odorant molecules to receptor proteins
Binding will alliw generation of action potential

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What are the bowman gland

Serous secreting glands deliver secretions via ducts onto the surface of the mucosa

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What is the role of the secretions of the bowman’s gland

Trap and dissolve odiferous substances

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WHat does the secretions of the bowman’s gland contain

Gel forming mucin
Lysozyme
IgA
Amylase
Odorant binding protein

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What does the odorant binding protein do

Increase the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic odorants

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How many neurons does the olfactory pathway have

2 neurons

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What is the olfactory pathway

Olfactory receptors ->Olfactory bulb ->Olfactory bulb targets -> orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampal formation

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What does the auricle contain

cartilage covered with skin

helix
lobule
antihelix
Concha
EAM
Tragus
Antitragus

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Sensory innervation of the external ear

Facial nerve
Vagus nerve
Surrounding areas - mandibular nerve, lesser occipital nerve and great auriclualr spinal nerve

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What composes of the outer ear

auricle to tympanic membrane

Tympanic part of temporal bone

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What does the middle ear compose off

Cavity in petrous part fo temporal bone
Audiotry ossicles
Pharyngotympanic tube

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What is the inner ear composed off

Cochlear
Vestibular apparatus
Internal acoustic meatus

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Sensory innervation of the outer ear

Auriculotemporal CN V3
Auricular branch of CN X
Posterior auriclar branch of facial nerve

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Innervation of middle ear

Glossopharyngeal

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Sensory innervation of inner ear

Vestibulocochlear

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What are the 3 auditory ossicles

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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WHat is the pharyngotympanic tube

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx
1/3 bony and 2/3 cartilaginous
Posterior to ovale and spinoseum
Equalises pressure
Drainage

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What is the acoustic reflex

When the tensor tympano and stapedius contract in response to loud noise, inhibiting the vibrations of malleus, incus and stapes and reducing the transmission of sound to the inner ear

Tensor tympani m.

Inserts onto malleus
Tenses tympanic membrane
Dampens sound

Stapedius m.

Inserts onto stapes
Reduces ossilation against oval window
Dampens sound

What is the bony labyrinth

consists of a series of bony cavities within the petrous part of teporal bone
It is composed of the vestibule, cochlea and three semi-circular canals

What is the vestibule of the bony labyrinth

Central part
seperated from the middle ear by oval window
COmmunicates anteriorly with the cochlea and posteriorly with the semi-circular canals
Two parts called saccule and utricle are located within the vestibule

What is the cochlea

Houses cochlea duct of membranous labyrinth
auditory part of inner ear
Branches from the cochlear portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve are found at the base of modiolus

What is the scala vestibuli

Located suerpiorly to the cochlear duct and is continous with the vestibule

What is the scala tympani

Located inferiorly to the cochlear duct and terminates at the round window

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve made up off

Vestivular and cochlear fibres

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve emerge from

Cerebellopontine angle

What is the supporting cells

SUpport receptor cells and epithelium | Detoxifying enzymes

What is the malleus

Largest and most lateral of the ear bones, attaching to the tympanic membrane, via the handle of malleus The head of the malleus articulates with the next auditory ossicle, the incus

What is the incus

A body and two limbs Body articulates with the malleus, the short limb attaches to the posterior wall of the middle ear and the long limb joins to the last fo the ossicles, the stapes

What is the stapes

Smallest bone in the human body Joins the incus to the oval window of the inner ear Stirrup-shapped with a head, two limbs and a base The head articulates with the incus and the base joins the oval window

Functions of the inner ear

Convert mechanical signals from the middle ear into electrical signals, which can transfer information to the auditory pathway in the brain To maintain balance by detecting position motion

Where is the inner ear located

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

What is the membranous labyrinth

Lies within the bony labyrinth Consists of the cochlear duct, semi-circular ducts, utricle and the saccule Filled with fluid endolymph

What are the two opening in the inner ear

Oval window lies between the middle ear and the vestibule | Round window separates the middle ear form the Scala tympani

How many smei-circular canals are there and what are they

3 | Anterior, lateral and posterior

What is the ampula

Swelling at one end of the canals

Where are the canals situated

superoposterior to the vestibule at right angles to each other

What are the organs of balance

Semi-circular ducts saccule utricle

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve split

Wintin the distal aspect of the internal acoustic meatus

What does the vestibular nerve innervate

Vestibular system of inner ear, which is responsible for detecting balance

Where does the cochlear nerve go to and innervate

Travels to cochlea of the inner ear, forming the spiral ganglia which serve the sense of hearing

What is the auditory cortex

Part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information Part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher function in hearing

Describe the auditory pathway

Information travels from the receptors in the organ of COrti of the inner ear to the CNS via the cochlear nerve Pathway ultimately reaches the primary auditory cortex for conscious perception