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Anatomy YR1 > Embryology of nervous system > Flashcards

Embryology of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is invagination

A

Epiblast cells migrate towards primitive streak

Detach from the epiblast and slip beneath it by passing through the primitive streak

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2
Q

What is the notochordal plate

A

Prenotochordal cells that become a part of the hypopblast layer

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3
Q

What causes the development of the notochord

A

The pre-notochordal cells migrated cranially until they reached the prenatochordal plate

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4
Q

What shape does ectoderm have after gastrulation

A

Disc shape
Broader at cephalic end
Narrower at the caudal end

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5
Q

What is the neural plate

A

Develops in midline of the ectoderm due to notochord
Lateral edges elevate to form neural folds
Mid region of the neural plate forms the neural groove
The neural folds fuse in midline to form neural tube

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6
Q

What is the neuropore

A

Opening of the neural tube
Cranial end = cranial neuropore and vice verca
communicate with amniotic cavity

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7
Q

When do the neuropores close

A

Cranial neuropore should close about 25 days

Caudal neuropore should close about 28 days

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8
Q

When is neurulation finished

A

Once neuropores have clsoed

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9
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Neural tube fails to close in the cranial region
Most of brain fails to form
Lethal
Brain is underdeveloped/absent

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10
Q

What is spine bifida

A

Neural tube fails to close in caudal region
Spinal cord/nerves exposed
Usually in lumbosacral region

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11
Q

What is spina bifida occulata

A

defect in vertebral arch
No bony protection to the spinal cord
Often marked with a patch of hair
Usually in the sacral region

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12
Q

What is meningocele and myelomeningeocele

A 
Severe defect
Neural tissue and/or meninges protrude through a defect in the vertebral arch and skin
Form cyst-like sacs
Mostly in lumbosacral region
Result in neurological deficits
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13
Q

What parts of the neural tube become the brain and spinal cord respectively

A

Cranial end of neural tube = brain

Rest of the neural tube = spinal cord

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14
Q

What are the two halves of the neural tube

A 
Basal plate (ventral)
Alar plate (dorsal)
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15
Q

What do neuroblasts form

A

Mantle layer around lumen of neural tube forming grey matter

Later emerge into marginal layer and become myelinated forming white matter of spinal cord

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16
Q

What forms the senory areas and motor areas

A

Basal plates form motor areas

Alar plates form the sensory areas

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17
Q

WHat seperates the two plates of the spinal cord

A

Sulcus limitans

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18
Q

When do motor nerve fibres begin to appear

and how do they arise

A

4th week
Arise from nerve cell bodies in basal plates of spinal cord
Fibres collect into bundles known as ventral nerve roots
Grow out of the spinal cord though the ventral horn

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19
Q

Where do sensory nerve fibres originate

A

Originate from nerve cells bodies positioned outside of the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia
Proximal processes from these ganglia form bundle that grow into the dorsal horns of the spinal cord
Distal processes join ventral nerve roots to form spinal nerve

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20
Q

What does dorsal rami innervate

A

Dorsal muscles, vertebral joints and skin of the back

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21
Q

What does ventral rami innervate

A

Limbs and ventral body wall

22
Q

What are neural crest cells

A

Appear during eleavtion of neural folds
Extend lenght of neural tube
Once the neural tube has formed from the fusion of the neural folds, the neural crest cells migrate laterally
Give rise to sensory ganglia

23
Q

What happens by the 3rd month of development in relation to the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord extends the lenght of the embryo

Spinal nerves pass thorugh the intervertebral foramina at level of origin

24
Q

Where does spinal cord termination shift to by birth

A

L3

25
Q

What is cauda equina

A

The end point of the spinal cord where spinal nerves from L2 below originate from

26
Q

Where does the dura and sub-arachnoid space end

A

S2

27
Q

What is filum terminale

A

Extension of the pia mater, that anchors the spinal cord to the first coccygeal vertebrae

28
Q

Where does the brain develop from

A

Cephalic end of nerual tube

29
Q

What are the 3 dialations (vesicles) in the 28th day of developemnt

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

30
Q

What are the two flexures off the brain

A

Cervical flexure: junction of hindbrain and spinal cord

Cephalic flexure: in region of midbrain

31
Q

What happens in the fifth week of brain development

A

3 brain vesicles become 5 brain vesicles

32
Q

Whata re the 5 vesicles in the 5th week of development

A 
telencephlon
diencephalon
midbrain
metencephalon
myelencephelon
33
Q

What does the telencephalon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

cerebral hemispsheres

Lateral ventricles

33
Q

What does the telencephalon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

cerebral hemispsheres

Lateral ventricles

34
Q

What does the diencephalon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary and optic vesicle

Third ventricle

35
Q

What does the Mesencephalon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

Midbrain, colliculi

cerebral aqueduct

36
Q

What does the metencephlon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

cerebellum, pons

4th ventricle

37
Q

What does the Myelencephalon become in the adult brain

and the ventricle formed

A

Medulla oblongata

4th ventricle

38
Q

What are the meninges derived from

A

Mesoderm and neural crest cells

39
Q

What are the two initial meningeal layers that form

When do the form

A

Dura mater
Pia-arachnoid layer or leptomeninges
4/5 weeks

40
Q

How does the 2 layers become 3?

A

The leptomeninges or pia-arachnoid layer separates
Pia tightly adheres to the brain surface
arachnoid mater now its own membrane

41
Q

What is present in the 4th week of brain development regarding cranial nerves

A

the nuclei of the cranial nerves

42
Q

What are the two components of the adrenal gland derived from

A

cortex - mesoderm

medulla - ectoderm

43
Q

Explain adrenal gland development

A

mesodermal cortex forms first
neural crest cells invade medial aspect and form the medulla
Form chromaffin cells

44
Q

Explain adrenal gland development

A

mesodermal cortex forms first
neural crest cells invade medial aspect and form the medulla
Form chromaffin cells

45
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that are innervated by the pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
Stimulate adrenalin and noradrenaline to be released into the blood

46
Q

Explain the two sources of development for the pituitary gland

A

Downgrowth of the floor of the diencephalon called the infundibulum
Upgrowth from the stomodeum which is known as Rathke’s pouch

47
Q

What happens by the 8th week of brain development regarding Rathke’s pouch

A

Loses its connection with the oral cavity and lies immediately next to the infundibulum

48
Q

Where do the two portions of the pituitary gland come from

A

Neurohypophysis - posterior part from the diencephalon, an extension of the brain

Adenohypophysis - anterior part derived from the oral cavity, connected via blood vessels

49
Q

How can Rathke’s cyst occur

A

If Rathke’s pouch does not develop or close properly

50
Q

Describe Rathke’s cyst

A

Benign
Fluid-filled growths within the pituitary gland from an embryological remnant of Rathke’s pouch
Congenital abnormality
Rare

51
Q

How can issues arise from Rathke’s cyst

A

If becomes large and exerts pressure on the

  • Optic chiasm = vision changes, headaches
  • Pituitary gland = affects endocrine function

Anatomy YR1 (29 decks)

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