Anatomy of Upper Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the nares

Answer 1

external opening to outside

Question 2

what are the choanae

Answer 2

posterior opening to nasopharynx

Question 3

what bones are the external nose supported by

Answer 3

Maxilla and nasal bones

Question 4

What cartilages make up the external nose

Answer 4

Septal
Lateral processes
Major alar
Minor alar

Question 5

What makes up the nasal septum

Answer 5

Septal cartilage
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Vomer

Question 6

What are the three nasal regions

Answer 6

Vestibule
Respiratory
Olfactory

Question 7

Describe the vestibule region

Answer 7

Stratified squamous epithelium

constant abrasion

Question 8

Describe the respiratory region

Answer 8

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Found in the upper respiratory tract where cilia collect foreign molecules

Question 9

Describe the olfactory region

Answer 9

Specialised epithelium

Sense of smell

Question 10

3 types of cells containing respiratory epithelium

Answer 10

Ciliated cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells

Question 11

What are basal cells

Answer 11

Stem cells, have the ability to differentiate and respond to injury

Question 12

What is the role of goblet cells

Answer 12

Mucous production

Question 13

What is the medial wall of the nose made up off

Answer 13

Anteriorly - septal cartilage

Posteriorly - vomer and ethmoid

Question 14

What is the floor of the nose made up off

Answer 14

Anteriorly - palatine process of maxilla

Posteriorly - horizontal plate of palatine

Question 15

What is the roof made up off

Answer 15

Anteriorly - nasal and frontal bones

Posteriorly - ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Question 16

What is the lateral wall of the nose made up off

Answer 16

Ant: lacrimal and maxilla
Mid: ethmoid and inf. concha
Post: Palatine and sphenoid

Question 17

Which two nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

Answer 17

Superior and Middle

Question 18

What is the role of nasal concha

Answer 18

forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface area of nasal mucosa to clean and warm air for lungs

Question 19

4 air channels in the nose

Answer 19

Inferior nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Superior nasal meatus
Spheno-ethmoidal recess

Question 20

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal

Question 21

What are the paranasal sinuses lined with

Answer 21

Respiratory epithelium

Question 22

What are the paranasal sinuses innervated with

Answer 22

Trigeminal (V)

Question 23

What blood vessel supplies the paranasal sinuses

Answer 23

Ophthalmic artery

Question 24

What are the three branches of trigeminal nerve

Answer 24

Ophthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)

Question 25

V1 | Exit from the brain / on to face

Answer 25

Superior orbital fissure | Supra orbital foramen

Question 26

V2 | Exit from the brain / on to face

Answer 26

Foramen rotundum | Infraorbital foramen

Question 27

V3 | Exit from the brain / on to face

Answer 27

Foramen ovale | mental foramen

Question 28

Where does the frontal sinus drain into

Answer 28

Drains into the lateral wall of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct that continues down the ethmoidal infundibulum and hiatus semilunaris down the oesophagus

Question 29

Where does the anterior ethmoidal sinus drain into

Answer 29

Open into the frontonasal duct - middle meatus

Question 30

Where does the middle ethmoid cells drain into

Answer 30

open onto the ethmoidal bulla - middle meatus

Question 31

Where does the posterior ethmoid cells open onto

Answer 31

Open onto the lateral wall of the superior meatus

Question 32

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into

Answer 32

into the spheno-ethmoidal recess

Question 33

where does the maxillary sinus drain onto

Answer 33

lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Question 34

What are the frontal sinuses innervated by

Answer 34

Supraorbital nerve (Frontal-V1)

Question 35

What are the ethmoidal sinuses innervated by

Answer 35

Ant. ethmoidal Post. ethmoidal (both nasociliary - V1)

Question 36

What are the sphenoidal sinuses innervated by

Answer 36

Post. Ethmoidal (nasociliary V1)

Question 37

What are the maxillary sinuses innervated by

Answer 37

Infraorbital and alveolar (V2)

Question 38

Largest vessel supplying the nasal cavity

Answer 38

Sphenopalatine a.

Question 39

What is the sphenopalatine a. a terminal branch of

Answer 39

maxillary a.

Question 40

With what arteries does the sphenopalatine a. anastomose with anteriorly

Answer 40

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal

Question 41

What contributes to blood supply of medial wall

Answer 41

posterior septal branches of the sphenopalatine artery

Question 42

Nerves that innervate the nasal cavity

Answer 42

Olfactory Ophthalmic Maxillary

Question 43

What is the pharynx

Answer 43

Passageway from oral and nasal cavities to the oesophagus. Serves both digestive and respiratory functions

Question 44

3 divisions of pharynx

Answer 44

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Question 45

where does the nasopharynx start and end

Answer 45

choanae to soft palate

Question 46

Where is the oropharynx

Answer 46

lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the tip of epiglottis

Question 47

where does the laryngopharynx lie

Answer 47

lies inferior to the epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Question 48

What is the larynx

Answer 48

superior portion of the respiratory tract Continuous inferiorly with trachea anterior to laryngopharynx

Question 49

Function of larynx

Answer 49

Sound production respiration Valve to close respiratory tract off from the pharynx

Question 50

What is the larynx composed of

Answer 50

``` Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis cartilage Arytenoid cartilages (2) ```

Question 51

Describe the thyroid cartilage

Answer 51

Largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage Lamina - right and left Fuse anteriorly at laryngeal prominence

Question 52

What is the epiglottis

Answer 52

Cartilaginous flap in the neck that covers the laryngeal inlet upon swallowing

Question 53

What are the extrinsic ligaments

Answer 53

Thyrohyoid membrane | Cricotracheal ligament

Question 54

What is the cricothyroid ligament

Answer 54

Intrinsic ligament | attaches at the cricoid and extends superiorly to the thyroid cartilage and postiroirly to the arytenoid cartilages

Question 55

What are the false vocal cords

Answer 55

Vestibular folds

Question 56

What re the true vocal cords

Answer 56

vocal fold

Question 57

what is the rima vestibuli

Answer 57

opening between 2 adjacent vestibular folds

Question 58

what is the rima glottidis

Answer 58

Opening between the 2 adjacent vocal folds

Question 59

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve originate

Answer 59

Originates from the vagus nerve

Question 60

Where are the sensory innervations to the larynx

Answer 60

Above vocal folds - internal laryngeal | Below vocal folds - Recurrent laryngeal nerve