Anatomy of the urinary system Flashcards
Where is the kidney located
Between T12-L3 vertebrae
Anterior relations of left kidney
Supradrenal gland Spleen Stomach Pancreas left colic flexure Coils of jejunum
Anterior relations of right kidney
Supradrenal gland
Liver
Second part of duodenum
Right colic flexure
Posterior relations of both kidneys
Diaphragm Costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura 11th rib 12rib (right kidney only) Psoas Quadrant lumborum Ttransversus abdominis muscles Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Coverings of the kidney
Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal fascia
Pararenal fat
What is the function of the renal fascia, perirenal and pararenal fat
Support the kidneys and hold them in position on the posterior abdominal wall
What is the inside of the kidney made up off
Renal cortex renal papilla Renal sinus Major and minor calyx Renal pelvis and ureter Pyramid of renal medulla
Arterial supply of kidney
Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole
How is blood taken away from kidney
Efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries or vasa recta -> interlobaular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein -> IVC
Explain nerve innervation of kidney
Innervated by renal nerves
Originate in the renal ganlion and pass thorugh renal plexus
Part if sympathetic division of ANS
Where are the three constrictions of the ureters
1) where renal pelvis koins ureter
2) where it is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim
3) where it pierces the bldder wall
Explain arterial blood supply to ureter
Upper end - renal artery
middle portion - testicular or orvarian artery
in the Pelvis - superior vesical artery
Explain arterial blood supply to ureter
Upper end - renal artery
middle portion - testicular or orvarian artery
In the Pelvis - superior vesical artery
Explain the structure of the urinary bladder
Strong muscular wall
Pyramidal shape consists of an apex, base, neck, superior surface, and two inferolateral surfaces
Apex points anteriorly and lies behind the upper margin of the symphysis pubis
How does the bladder connect to the umbilicus
Median umbilical ligament
What is the trigone
Triangular area of mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder
Why is the trigone always smooth
mucous membrane firmly adheres to the underlying muscular coat
Characteristics of male bladder
Two vasa deferentia lie side by side on the base of the bladder and separate the seminal vesicles from each other
upper part of base of the bladder is covered by peritoneum, which forms the anterior wall of rectovesical pouch
The lower part of the base is separated from the rectum by vasa deferentia, the seminal vesicles and rectovesical fascia
Characteristic of female bladder
Lies at a lower level than the male pelvis
neck rests directly on the upper surface of the urogenital diaphragm
Apex of the bladder lies behind the symphysis pubis
Base is separated from the rectum by the vagina
Superior surface is related to the uterovesicle pouch of peritoneum and to the body of the uterus
What is the hypogastric plexus
Sympathetic fibers that originate in L1 and L2 ganglia
What are the inferior hypogastric plexuses
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that arise as the pelvic sphlanic nerves S2-S4
Explain micturition
Stimulates stretch receptors in the bladder wall
Afferent impulses – S2, S3, S4
Some afferent impulses - L1 and L2
Efferent parasympathetic impulses - S2, S3, S4
Postganglionic neurons - the detrusor muscle - contract, and the sphincter vesicae - relax.
Somatic efferent impulses – the external urethral sphincter via the pudendal nerve (S2, 3, and 4) - relaxation
Characteristic of male urethra
8 inches long Prostatic urethra is about 1.25 inches Intermediate urethra is about 0.5 inch Penile urethra is about 6 inches Fossa terminalis
Characteristic of female urethra
Is about 1.5 inches
It opens about 1 inch behind clitoris
In front of the vagina and forms a palpable bulge on the anterior vaginal wall
The lesser vestibular glands
