Anatomy of the urinary system

Question 1

Where is the kidney located

Answer 1

Between T12-L3 vertebrae

Question 2

Anterior relations of left kidney

Answer 2

Supradrenal gland
Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
left colic flexure
Coils of jejunum

Question 3

Anterior relations of right kidney

Answer 3

Supradrenal gland
Liver
Second part of duodenum
Right colic flexure

Question 4

Posterior relations of both kidneys

Answer 4

Diaphragm
Costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
11th rib
12rib (right kidney only)
Psoas
Quadrant lumborum
Ttransversus abdominis muscles
Subcostal, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Question 5

Coverings of the kidney

Answer 5

Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat
Renal fascia
Pararenal fat

Question 6

What is the function of the renal fascia, perirenal and pararenal fat

Answer 6

Support the kidneys and hold them in position on the posterior abdominal wall

Question 7

What is the inside of the kidney made up off

Answer 7

Renal cortex
renal papilla
Renal sinus
Major and minor calyx
Renal pelvis and ureter
Pyramid of renal medulla

Question 8

Arterial supply of kidney

Answer 8

Renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole

Question 9

How is blood taken away from kidney

Answer 9

Efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries or vasa recta -> interlobaular vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein -> IVC

Question 10

Explain nerve innervation of kidney

Answer 10

Innervated by renal nerves
Originate in the renal ganlion and pass thorugh renal plexus
Part if sympathetic division of ANS

Question 11

Where are the three constrictions of the ureters

Answer 11

1) where renal pelvis koins ureter
2) where it is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim
3) where it pierces the bldder wall

Question 12

Explain arterial blood supply to ureter

Answer 12

Upper end - renal artery
middle portion - testicular or orvarian artery
in the Pelvis - superior vesical artery

Question 13

Explain arterial blood supply to ureter

Answer 13

Upper end - renal artery
middle portion - testicular or orvarian artery
In the Pelvis - superior vesical artery

Question 14

Explain the structure of the urinary bladder

Answer 14

Strong muscular wall
Pyramidal shape consists of an apex, base, neck, superior surface, and two inferolateral surfaces
Apex points anteriorly and lies behind the upper margin of the symphysis pubis

Question 15

How does the bladder connect to the umbilicus

Answer 15

Median umbilical ligament

Question 16

What is the trigone

Answer 16

Triangular area of mucous membrane covering the internal surface of the base of the bladder

Question 17

Why is the trigone always smooth

Answer 17

mucous membrane firmly adheres to the underlying muscular coat

Question 18

Characteristics of male bladder

Answer 18

Two vasa deferentia lie side by side on the base of the bladder and separate the seminal vesicles from each other
upper part of base of the bladder is covered by peritoneum, which forms the anterior wall of rectovesical pouch
The lower part of the base is separated from the rectum by vasa deferentia, the seminal vesicles and rectovesical fascia

Question 19

Characteristic of female bladder

Answer 19

Lies at a lower level than the male pelvis
neck rests directly on the upper surface of the urogenital diaphragm
Apex of the bladder lies behind the symphysis pubis
Base is separated from the rectum by the vagina
Superior surface is related to the uterovesicle pouch of peritoneum and to the body of the uterus

Question 20

What is the hypogastric plexus

Answer 20

Sympathetic fibers that originate in L1 and L2 ganglia

Question 21

What are the inferior hypogastric plexuses

Answer 21

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that arise as the pelvic sphlanic nerves S2-S4

Question 22

Explain micturition

Answer 22

Stimulates stretch receptors in the bladder wall​

Afferent impulses – S2, S3, S4​

Some afferent impulses - L1 and L2 ​

Efferent parasympathetic impulses - S2, S3, S4​

Postganglionic neurons - the detrusor muscle - contract, and the sphincter vesicae - relax.

Somatic efferent impulses – the external urethral sphincter via the pudendal nerve (S2, 3, and 4) - relaxation

Question 23

Characteristic of male urethra

Answer 23

8 inches long
Prostatic urethra is about 1.25 inches
Intermediate urethra is about 0.5 inch
Penile urethra is about 6 inches
Fossa terminalis

Question 24

Characteristic of female urethra

Answer 24

Is about 1.5 inches
It opens about 1 inch behind clitoris
In front of the vagina and forms a palpable bulge on the anterior vaginal wall
The lesser vestibular glands