Anatomy of Upper Limb

Question 1

What does pectoral gridle consist of

Answer 1

Clavicle and Scapula

Question 2

3 Segments of upper limb

Answer 2

Arm proper
Forearm
Hand

Question 3

What bones do you find in your hand

Answer 3

8 carpal bones in the hand
5 metacarpals in the palm
14 phalanges in the digits

Question 4

Bones of forearm and arm proper

Answer 4

Forearm - radius nad ulna

Arm proper - humerus

Question 5

Articulation of clavicle

Answer 5

Articulates laterally with the acromion of the scapula = acromioclavicular joint
Articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum and 1st rib = sternoclavicular joint

Question 6

3 processes of the scapula

Answer 6

Acromian
Coracoid Process
Spine

Question 7

What is ths spinous process of scapula divided into

Answer 7

Supraspinous fossa

Intraspinous fossa

Question 8

How does scapula articulate with head of humerus

Answer 8

Glanoid cavity - forms the glenohumeral joint

Question 9

Components of proximal end of humerus

Answer 9

Greater and lesser tubercle
Head
Neck
Shaft

Question 10

What is the glenohumeral joint

Answer 10

Ball and socket joint
Synovial
Multi-axial

Question 11

Ligaments and tendons of the sholder joint

Answer 11

Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligament
Transverse humeral ligament
Tendom of long head of biceps
Rotator cuff muscles and their tendons

Question 12

Whic parts of the distal humerous articulate with the radius and the ulnar

Answer 12

Capitulum: articulates with the head of the radius

Trochlear – pulley shaped structure, articulates with ulnar

Question 13

What is the coronoid fossa and its function

Answer 13

Just superior to trochlear = the coronoid fossa.

When the elbow is flexed, a bony process on the ulnar will move into this fossa.

Question 14

What are the medial ad lateral epicondyles

Answer 14

sites of attachment for muscles and ligaments around the elbow joint

Question 15

What is located posteriorly on the distal humerus and what is its function

Answer 15

• Olecranon fossa which will house the olecranon process of the ulnar during extension of the elbow

Question 16

What are the three articulations of the elbw joiunt

Answer 16

Humerus and ulnar
Humerus and radius
Radius and ulnar

Question 17

Where does pronation and supination of the forearm occur

Answer 17

Proximal radioulnar joint

Question 18

What ligament supports flexion and extension

Answer 18

collateral ligaments

Question 19

How does pronation and supination occur

Answer 19

Distally the ulnar notch of the radius slides anteriorly over the convex surface of the head of the ulna

Bones held together during this movement by the interosseous membrane

The articular disc at the distal radio-ulnar joint

Question 20

Which side of the wrist articulation os convex and concave

Answer 20

Distal end of the radius and the articular disc overlying the distal end of the ulna
Concave

Scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
Convex

Question 21

What is the axilla

Answer 21

Gateway to the upper limb – between the neck and arm
Irregular shaped pyramidal shaped space that has
-An inlet/apex that is continuous with the neck
-Skin of the armpit forms the floor
All major structures passing into and out of the upper limb pass through the axilla

Question 22

What is the cubital fossa

Answer 22

Triangular shaped depression formed by muscles anterior to the elbow joint
A major blood vessel and a major nerve pass through this region, passing from the arm to the forearm

Question 23

What is the carpal tunnel

Answer 23

Gateway to the palm of the hand
Formed by the carpal bones and a thick band of connective tissue
Important nerve and all the long flexor tendons from the forearm to the digits pass through

Question 24

Muscles of the rotator cuff

Answer 24

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

Question 25

Attachment and function of deltoid

Answer 25

Attaches the scapula and clavicle to the humerus Abductor of the arm (beyond the initial 15° carried out by supraspinatus) Anterior fibres assist arm flexion Posterior fibres assist arm extension

Question 26

Attachment and funciton of the trapezius

Answer 26

Attaches the scapula and clavicle to the trunk Elevates the scapula Rotates the scapula allowing full abduction of the upper arm

Question 27

What is the function of lavator scapulae, rhomboid minor and thomboid major

Answer 27

Levator scapulae Elevates the scapula Rhomboid minor & rhomboid major Elevates and retract the scapula

Question 28

Muscles of the pectoral region and their function

Answer 28

Clavicular head - Flex the arm from an extended position Sternocostal head - Extend the arm from a flexed position Pectoralis major - Adducts arm, Medially rotates humerus Pectoralis minor- Depression of scapula Serratus anterior - Rotation of scapula and protraction of the scapula Subcalvius - stabilised the calvicle

Question 29

Function of subscapularis

Answer 29

Medial rotation | of humerus

Question 30

Function of teres major

Answer 30

Medial rotation and extension of arm

Question 31

Function of latissimus dorsi

Answer 31

Adduction, medial rotation and extension of arm

Question 32

Functions of biceps brachii

Answer 32

Flexor and supinator of the forearm, weak flexor of humerus

Question 33

Brachialis function

Answer 33

Flexor of forearm

Question 34

Function of coracobrachialis

Answer 34

Flexor and adductor of humerus

Question 35

Function of triceps brachii

Answer 35

Extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint Also extension of the arm at the shoulder joint and can assist adduction of the arm

Question 36

What is the anterior compartment of the forearm innervated by

Answer 36

All innervated by the median nerve Except for 2 muscles that are innervated by the ulnar nerve: Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

Question 37

Superficial muscle layer of anterior forearm and their functions

Answer 37

Flexi carpi ulnaris - Strong wrist flexor - Adductor of the wrist Palmaris longus - Wrist flexor - Role in gripping Flexor carpi radialis - Powerful wrist flexor - Abductor of the wrist Pronator teres -Pronation

Question 38

Muscles of Intermediate layer of ant. forearm and their function

Answer 38

Flexor digitorum superficialis - Wrist flexor - Flexes the fingers - Metacarpophalangeal joints - Proximal interphalangeal joints

Question 39

Muscles of deep layer of anterior forearm

Answer 39

Flexor digitorum profundus - Wrist flexor - Flexes the fingers - Distal and proximal interphalangeal joints - Metacarpophalangeal joints Flexor pollicis longus -Flexor of the thumb Pronator quadratus -Pronation

Question 40

What innervates the posterior compartemnt of forearm

Answer 40

All innervated by the radial nerve (or branches of it)

Question 41

Superficial Muscle layer of posterior forearm

Answer 41

Brachioradialis Accessory flexor of the elbow Most efficient in the mid-pronated position Extensor carpi radialis longus Extends the wrist Abducts the wrist Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extends the wrist Abducts the wrist Extensor digitorum Extends the fingers Can extend the wrist Extensor digiti minimi Extends the little finger Extensor carpi ulnaris Extends the wrist Adducts the wrist Anconeus Accessory extensor of elbow Abducts ulnar during pronation

Question 42

Muscles of the deep layer of the psoterior forearm

Answer 42

Supinator -Supination Abductor pollicis longus - Abduct the thumb - Accessory extensor of the thumb Extensor pollicis brevis - Extends the thumb - Metacarpophalangeal joint - Carpometacarpal joint Extensor pollicis longus - Extends the thumb - Interphalangeal joint - Metacarpophalangeal joint - Carpometacarpal joint Extensor indicis -Extends the index finger

Question 43

What restricts movement of the metacarpals and fingers

Answer 43

2nd – 4th metacarpophalangeal joints are joined by deep transverse ligaments that restrict movement of the metacarpals and fingers.

Question 44

What is the function of the palmasris brevis

Answer 44

Improves grip​ ​

Question 45

What are the interossei muscles

Answer 45

Dorsal interossei x4​ Abductors of fingers​ Palmar interossei x3/4​ Adductors of fingers​ Contribute to extension and flexion of the fingers​ ​

Question 46

What is the function of lumbricals

Answer 46

Lumbricals x 4​ Flex metacarpophalangeal joints​ Extend interphalangeal joints​ ​

Question 47

Function of the adductir poillicis

Answer 47

Powerful adductor of the thumb​ Opposes thumb during gripping​ ​

Question 48

What are the thenar muscles and what are their functions

Answer 48

Opponens pollicis​ Thumb opposition, specifically medial rotation of thumb​ ​ Abductor pollicis brevis​ Abducts the thumb​ ​ Flexor pollicis brevis​ Flexes the thumb​ ​

Question 49

What are the hypothenar msucles and their functions

Answer 49

Opponens digiti minimi​ Opposition of the little finger, specifically by lateral rotation of metacarpal 5​ ​ ​Abductor digiti minimi​ Principle abductor of the little finger​ ​ ​Flexor digiti minimi brevis​ Flexes the little finger​ ​

Question 50

What provides innervation to the hands

Answer 50

Supplied by the ulnar, median and radial nerves​ Ulnar nerve innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the hand , except for the 3 thenar muscles and two most lateral lumbricals which are supplied by the median nerve​

Question 51

What is the purpose of the musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 51

Motor to all muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm​

Question 52

Purpose of median nerve

Answer 52

Motor to : -All muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm​ -Except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus​ ​-Three thenar muscles and two most lateral lumbricals​ ​

Question 53

puspose of ulnar nerve

Answer 53

Motor to: ​ -Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus in the anterior compartment of the forearm​ ​-All intrinsic muscles of the hand​ -Except three thenar muscles and two most lateral lumbricals​

Question 54

Prpose of axillary nerve

Answer 54

Motor to deltoid and teres minor ​

Question 55

Purpose of radial nerve

Answer 55

Motor to all muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm​