Anatomy of Lower Respiratory System

Question 1

What does the thoracic inlet contain

Answer 1

Apex of the lungs and pleura covering
Oesophagus
Trachea
Common carotid and subclavian arteries
Internal Jugular and subclavian veins into brachoiocephalic veins
Nerves: phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal and sympathetic trunk

Question 2

Where does the phrenic nerve run from

Answer 2

Runs lateral to ant. Scalene m.
Between the subclavian artery and vein
Lateral aspect of heart

Question 3

What does the phrenic nerve innervate

Answer 3

Diaphragm, pericardium and pleura

Question 4

Is the diaphragm, pericardium and pleura innervations by the phrenic nerve motor sensory

Answer 4

diaphragm is both whereas the pericardium and pleura innervations are sensory

Question 5

What two divisions does the vagus nerve give off

Answer 5

superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

Question 6

Where does the trachea commence

Answer 6

lower bridge of larynx - cricoid cartilage

Question 7

Where is the trachea found in the neck

Answer 7

Anterior to oesophagus

Lies within a visceral compartment of the neck surround by a pre-tracheal layer of fascia

Question 8

Where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 8

T5

divides into right and left bronchi

Question 9

Describe the structure of the trachea

Answer 9

Mobile cartilaginous and membranous tube
11cm long and 2.5 cm diameter
Fibroelastic tube kept patent by U-shaped bars of hyaline cartilage
Posterior free ends connected by smooth muscle - trachealis

Question 10

When does trachea divide into principle bronchi

Answer 10

At sternum angle (T4/T5)

Question 11

Describe the difference in structures of the two bronchi

Answer 11

Right main bronchus is wider and shorter

Left main bronchus is narrower, longer and more horizontal

Question 12

How does the bronchial tree form

Answer 12

Bronchi divide dichotomously, giving rise to several million terminal bronchioles that terminate in one or more respiratory bronchioles
Each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2-11 alveolar ducts that enter alveolar sacs

Question 13

What is the root of the lung consistent of

Answer 13

Short, tubular collection of structures attaching the lung to the mediastinum

Question 14

What is present within each root in the hilum of the lung

Answer 14

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Main bronchus
Bronchial vessels
Nerves and lymphatics

Question 15

What is the hilum of the lung covered by

Answer 15

Sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects onto the surface of the lungs

Question 16

What is the pulmonary ligament and what is it’s function

Answer 16

Fold of pleura that projects inferiorly from root of the lung
Stabilise inferior lobe
Permit movement during respiration

Question 17

Name the lobes and fissures of the right lung

Answer 17

Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure

Question 18

Name the lobes and fissures of left lung

Answer 18

Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure

Question 19

Name the surfaces of the lung

Answer 19

Apex
Costal surfaces
Base
Mediastinal surface
Cardiac notch (left lung only)
Lingula (left lung only)

Question 20

How many segments present in each lung

Answer 20

10 in right lung

8-10 in left lung

Question 21

What two regions combine two segments in left lung

Answer 21

Apical and posterior combine to form apicoposterior

Anterior and medial base combine to form the anteromedial base

Question 22

Unique features of right lung

Answer 22

Larger and heavier than the left lung, shorter and wider

Question 23

Unique features of left lung

Answer 23

Superior lobe characterised by the lingua and a deep cardiac notch