Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
What two parts are the skull divided into
Neurocranium
Vicerocranium
What bones is the neurocranium divided into
1x Frontal 2x Parietal 2x Temporal 1x Occipital 1x Sphenoid 1x Ethmoid
Why does the ethmoid bone have load of tiny holes
For oculomotor nerves to pass through to provide sense of smell
What bones make up the Vicerocranium
1x Mandible 2x Maxilla 2x Nasal 2x Zygomatic 2x Lacrimal 1x Vomer 2x Palatine 2x Inf. Nasal concha
What are sutures
Fibrous interlocking joints between bones of the skull
Linked by dense connective tissue
No movement
fully sued around age 20 years
What are the 4 sutures
Coronal suture
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
What is the bregma
Where coronal and sagittal surutews meet
What is the lambda
WHere sagittal and lambdoid meet
What is the pterion
Where 4 bones meet Parietal Frontal Temporal Sphenoid
What is the asterion
Where 3 bones meet
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
What does the anterior and posterior fontanelle form
Ant. - bregma
Post. - lambda
What separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Rostral vs caudal
Rostral - towards the beak
Caudal - towards the tail
WHat are the gyri and sulci
Gyri - ridges
Sulci - grooves
What seperates the temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
What separates the parietal lobe and frontal lobe
Central sulcus
What are the 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal
PARIETAL
Temporal
Occipital
What are the 4 lobes of the brain
Frontal
PARIETAL
Temporal
Occipital
What is the primary motor cortex
Pre-central gyrus
Planning and executing movements
What is the primary sensory area
Main area for receiving and processing sensory information
Post-central gyrus
Primary visual cortex
occipital pole
Receives and process visual information
Secondary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Furthur processe visuall information
Primary auditory cortex
Receives and processes auditory stimuli
temporal lobe
fdadssfsf
Wernicke’ area
Temporal/praietal lobes
Close to the auditory cortex
comprehension of spoken language
Language processing
Broca’s area
Frontal lobe
Production of speech
Present in dominant hemispshrere
What carries out posterior ciruclation
2 vertebral arteries
Bracnh from the subcalvian
What supplies the anterior cirulation
2 internal corotid arterires
Branch from common carotid
What forms an anastomosis in the dual blood supply system of brain
Circle of WIllis
How does the 2 internal carotid areties enter the skull
Carotid canal
How does the 2 verttebral arterires enter the abse of the skull
Transverse foramina of upper 6 cervical vertebrae
Trough foramen magnum
what forms the basilar artery
Vertebral arteries uniting
Where does the unification of vertebral arteries occur
Surface of pons
What does the basilar artery bifurcate to form
Posterior cerebral arteries
What branches of the vertebral artery supply the cerebrellum
Anterior inferior cerebrallar artery
Posteriro inforiror cerebrallar artery
What is the carotid syphon
Carotid artery entering the middle cranial fossa by travelling anteriorly, then superiorly and then posteriorly
Then turns superiorly to bifurcate into terminal branches
Wht does the internal carotid artery bifurcate into
Middle and anterior cerebral artery
What are the two communicating arteries in circle of Willis
2x posterior communicating artery
1x anterior communicating artery
Describe the vessels involved in the circle of Willis and how they connect
(hint= start wit left internal carotid)
Left Internal carotid left posterior communicating left PCA right PCA right posterior communicating right internal carotid right ACA anterior communicating left ACA left internal carotid
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply
Inner aspect of frontal and parietal lobes and the superolateral border of these lobes
Includes the motor and sensory cortex that supplies the lower limb
What does the middle cerebra arteries supply
Supplies lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Includes motor and sensory cortex for whole body except lower limb
Broca’s motor speech area
Wernicke’s sensory speech area
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply
Supplies the occipital lobe and the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe
Incudes primary visual cortex
What is the olfactory nerve
special afferent fibres that provide sense of smell
sensory neurons that have receptors in nasal mucosa
How do the olfactory nerves enter the cranial cavity
Pass through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter cranial cavity to form olfactory bulbs where they synapse
What is the optic nerve
How does it enter cranial cavity
Special afferent fibres responsible for vision
Returns information to the brain from photoreceptors in the retina of the eye
Enters cranial cavity via the optic canal
What is the oculomotor nerve
Motor neuron that has a somatic and parasympathetic division
Leaves the brainstem on the anterior surface between the midbrain and pons
Leaves the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure
What is the trochlear nerve
Motor neuron with somatic innervation to the superior oblique muscle
arises from midbrain
Only cranial nerve to arise form the posterior aspect of the brainstem
Travel anteriorly curving around the midbrain
enters through the superior orbital fissure
What is the abducent nerve
Motor neuron with somatic innervation to lateral rectus
arises from brainstem in between the pons and medulla
enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure
Where does the sensory branch of trigeminal nerve innervate
Face Anterior 1/2 of scalp Orbital structures Mucous membranes of oral and nasal cavities an paranasal air sinuses teeth and gums nasopharynx and palate part of the ear anterior 2/3 of tongue
What does the motor division of trigeminal nerve innervate
muscles of mastication
What is the trigeminal nerve
Sensory nerve
Exits from the anterolateral surface of the pons as a large sensory root and small motor root
What is the facial nerve
Mixed nerve
Arises from the lateral part of the brainstem in-between the pons and medulla
Travels through the internal acoustic meatus and then enters the facial canal in the temporal bone, and then exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen
Explain the sensory innervations of facial nerve
somatic - small area near the external auditory meatus
Special afferent - taste from anterior 2/3 opf tongue
Explain the motor innervation of the facial nerve
Muscles of facial expression
Parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingial glands and other small mucous glands
What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
What is the vestibulocochlear nerve
Special afferent fibres
Attached to the lateral surface of the brainstem between the pons and medulla
It exits the internal acoustic meatus to travel towards the brain
What are the sensory innervations of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Hearing - cochlear division
Balance - vestibular division
What are the sensory innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve
somatic - sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, mucosa of middle ear and pharyngotympanic tube
Visceral - sensory to carotid body and sinus
Special afferent - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
What are the sensory innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve
somatic - sensory to posterior 1/3 of the tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, mucosa of the middle ear, and pharyngotympanic tube
Visceral - sensory to carotid body and sinus
Special afferent - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue
Explain the motor innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve
A muscle of the pharynx involved in swallowing
Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Arises from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Exits the skull via the jugular foramen
What is the sensory innervations of the vagus nerve
Somatic - Larynx, laryngopharynx, deep part of the auricle, part of the external acoustic meatus
Visceral - aortic chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, oesophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart and fore and midgut viscera
Special afferent - taste around the epiglottis and pharynx
Motor innervations of the vagus nerve
One tongue muscle, muscles of soft palate, most of the pharynx muscles and larynx
Parasympathetic to stimulate smooth muscles and glands in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic viscera and fore and hind gut viscera
Pathway of the vagus nerve
Arises from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Exists skull via jugular foramen
Travels down the neck in carotid sheath
What are the motor innervations of accessory nerve
Somatic - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius musclkes
Course of the accessory nerve
Roots arise from the upper part of the cervical spinal cord
Fibers ascend through the foramen magnum
Fibers then exit the skull via the jugular foramen
Course of the hypoglossal nerve
Arises from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata
Exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal
What are the motor innervations of the hypoglossal nerve
Somatic - all intrinsic muscles of tongue and most of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
(except palatoglossus)
