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Anatomy YR1 > Neuroanatomy 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts are the skull divided into

A

Neurocranium

Vicerocranium

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2
Q

What bones is the neurocranium divided into

A 
1x Frontal
2x Parietal
2x Temporal
1x Occipital 
1x Sphenoid
1x Ethmoid
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3
Q

Why does the ethmoid bone have load of tiny holes

A

For oculomotor nerves to pass through to provide sense of smell

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4
Q

What bones make up the Vicerocranium

A 
1x Mandible
2x Maxilla
2x Nasal
2x Zygomatic
2x Lacrimal
1x Vomer
2x Palatine
2x Inf. Nasal concha
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5
Q

What are sutures

A

Fibrous interlocking joints between bones of the skull
Linked by dense connective tissue
No movement
fully sued around age 20 years

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6
Q

What are the 4 sutures

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous

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7
Q

What is the bregma

A

Where coronal and sagittal surutews meet

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8
Q

What is the lambda

A

WHere sagittal and lambdoid meet

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9
Q

What is the pterion

A 
Where 4 bones meet
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Sphenoid
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10
Q

What is the asterion

A

Where 3 bones meet
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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11
Q

What does the anterior and posterior fontanelle form

A

Ant. - bregma

Post. - lambda

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12
Q

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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14
Q

Rostral vs caudal

A

Rostral - towards the beak

Caudal - towards the tail

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15
Q

WHat are the gyri and sulci

A

Gyri - ridges

Sulci - grooves

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16
Q

What seperates the temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobe

A

Lateral sulcus

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17
Q

What separates the parietal lobe and frontal lobe

A

Central sulcus

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18
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
PARIETAL
Temporal
Occipital

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19
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
PARIETAL
Temporal
Occipital

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20
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

Pre-central gyrus

Planning and executing movements

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21
Q

What is the primary sensory area

A

Main area for receiving and processing sensory information

Post-central gyrus

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22
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

occipital pole

Receives and process visual information

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23
Q

Secondary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

Furthur processe visuall information

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24
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Receives and processes auditory stimuli

temporal lobe

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25
Q
A

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26
Q

Wernicke’ area

A

Temporal/praietal lobes
Close to the auditory cortex
comprehension of spoken language
Language processing

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27
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe
Production of speech
Present in dominant hemispshrere

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28
Q

What carries out posterior ciruclation

A

2 vertebral arteries

Bracnh from the subcalvian

29
Q

What supplies the anterior cirulation

A

2 internal corotid arterires

Branch from common carotid

30
Q

What forms an anastomosis in the dual blood supply system of brain

A

Circle of WIllis

31
Q

How does the 2 internal carotid areties enter the skull

A

Carotid canal

32
Q

How does the 2 verttebral arterires enter the abse of the skull

A

Transverse foramina of upper 6 cervical vertebrae

Trough foramen magnum

33
Q

what forms the basilar artery

A

Vertebral arteries uniting

34
Q

Where does the unification of vertebral arteries occur

A

Surface of pons

35
Q

What does the basilar artery bifurcate to form

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

36
Q

What branches of the vertebral artery supply the cerebrellum

A

Anterior inferior cerebrallar artery

Posteriro inforiror cerebrallar artery

37
Q

What is the carotid syphon

A

Carotid artery entering the middle cranial fossa by travelling anteriorly, then superiorly and then posteriorly
Then turns superiorly to bifurcate into terminal branches

38
Q

Wht does the internal carotid artery bifurcate into

A

Middle and anterior cerebral artery

39
Q

What are the two communicating arteries in circle of Willis

A

2x posterior communicating artery

1x anterior communicating artery

40
Q

Describe the vessels involved in the circle of Willis and how they connect
(hint= start wit left internal carotid)

A

Left Internal carotid  left posterior communicating  left PCA  right PCA  right posterior communicating  right internal carotid  right ACA  anterior communicating  left ACA  left internal carotid

41
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

Inner aspect of frontal and parietal lobes and the superolateral border of these lobes
Includes the motor and sensory cortex that supplies the lower limb

42
Q

What does the middle cerebra arteries supply

A

Supplies lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Includes motor and sensory cortex for whole body except lower limb
Broca’s motor speech area
Wernicke’s sensory speech area

43
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

Supplies the occipital lobe and the inferomedial aspect of the temporal lobe
Incudes primary visual cortex

44
Q

What is the olfactory nerve

A

special afferent fibres that provide sense of smell

sensory neurons that have receptors in nasal mucosa

45
Q

How do the olfactory nerves enter the cranial cavity

A

Pass through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone to enter cranial cavity to form olfactory bulbs where they synapse

46
Q

What is the optic nerve

How does it enter cranial cavity

A

Special afferent fibres responsible for vision
Returns information to the brain from photoreceptors in the retina of the eye

Enters cranial cavity via the optic canal

47
Q

What is the oculomotor nerve

A

Motor neuron that has a somatic and parasympathetic division
Leaves the brainstem on the anterior surface between the midbrain and pons
Leaves the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure

48
Q

What is the trochlear nerve

A

Motor neuron with somatic innervation to the superior oblique muscle
arises from midbrain
Only cranial nerve to arise form the posterior aspect of the brainstem
Travel anteriorly curving around the midbrain
enters through the superior orbital fissure

49
Q

What is the abducent nerve

A

Motor neuron with somatic innervation to lateral rectus
arises from brainstem in between the pons and medulla
enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure

50
Q

Where does the sensory branch of trigeminal nerve innervate

A 
Face
Anterior 1/2 of scalp
Orbital structures
Mucous membranes of oral and nasal cavities an paranasal air sinuses
teeth and gums
nasopharynx and palate
part of the ear 
anterior 2/3 of tongue
51
Q

What does the motor division of trigeminal nerve innervate

A

muscles of mastication

52
Q

What is the trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory nerve

Exits from the anterolateral surface of the pons as a large sensory root and small motor root

53
Q

What is the facial nerve

A

Mixed nerve
Arises from the lateral part of the brainstem in-between the pons and medulla
Travels through the internal acoustic meatus and then enters the facial canal in the temporal bone, and then exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen

54
Q

Explain the sensory innervations of facial nerve

A

somatic - small area near the external auditory meatus

Special afferent - taste from anterior 2/3 opf tongue

55
Q

Explain the motor innervation of the facial nerve

A

Muscles of facial expression

Parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingial glands and other small mucous glands

56
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
57
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Special afferent fibres
Attached to the lateral surface of the brainstem between the pons and medulla
It exits the internal acoustic meatus to travel towards the brain

58
Q

What are the sensory innervations of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Hearing - cochlear division

Balance - vestibular division

59
Q

What are the sensory innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

somatic - sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, mucosa of middle ear and pharyngotympanic tube

Visceral - sensory to carotid body and sinus

Special afferent - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue

60
Q

What are the sensory innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

somatic - sensory to posterior 1/3 of the tongue, palatine tonsils, oropharynx, mucosa of the middle ear, and pharyngotympanic tube

Visceral - sensory to carotid body and sinus

Special afferent - taste from posterior 1/3 tongue

61
Q

Explain the motor innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

A muscle of the pharynx involved in swallowing

Parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland

62
Q

What is the pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Arises from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Exits the skull via the jugular foramen

63
Q

What is the sensory innervations of the vagus nerve

A

Somatic - Larynx, laryngopharynx, deep part of the auricle, part of the external acoustic meatus
Visceral - aortic chemoreceptors and baroreceptors, oesophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart and fore and midgut viscera
Special afferent - taste around the epiglottis and pharynx

64
Q

Motor innervations of the vagus nerve

A

One tongue muscle, muscles of soft palate, most of the pharynx muscles and larynx
Parasympathetic to stimulate smooth muscles and glands in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic viscera and fore and hind gut viscera

65
Q

Pathway of the vagus nerve

A

Arises from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Exists skull via jugular foramen
Travels down the neck in carotid sheath

66
Q

What are the motor innervations of accessory nerve

A

Somatic - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius musclkes

67
Q

Course of the accessory nerve

A

Roots arise from the upper part of the cervical spinal cord
Fibers ascend through the foramen magnum
Fibers then exit the skull via the jugular foramen

68
Q

Course of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Arises from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata

Exits the skull via the hypoglossal canal

69
Q

What are the motor innervations of the hypoglossal nerve

A

Somatic - all intrinsic muscles of tongue and most of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
(except palatoglossus)

Anatomy YR1 (29 decks)

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