Anatomy of the endocrine system

Question 1

What is a gland

Answer 1

Collection of secretory epithelial cells

Question 2

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

Answer 2

Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Thyrocalcitonin

Question 3

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus overlie

Answer 3

Tracheal rings 2-4

Question 4

Function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 4

Stimulates osteoclastic activity in bones to mobilise bone calcium and increase calcium in the blood
Stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from small intestine via vitamin D
Stimulates reabsorption of calcium in kidney

Question 5

What is hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

Too much parathyroid hormone

Question 5

What is hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

Too much parathyroid hormone

Question 6

How is the thyroglossal duct formed

Answer 6

In week 3/4, an endodermal thickening in the midline of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and the copula forms
Later the thickening becomes a diverticulum that grows inferiorly into underlying mesenchyme and is called the thyroglossal duct

Question 7

How does the thyroglossal gland form thyroid

Answer 7

Duct elongates and distal end becomes bilobed
Duct becomes a solid cord of cells and following epithelial proliferation, the bilobed terminal swelling expands to form thyroid gland

Question 8

What does retroperitoneal mean

Answer 8

Plastered to wall

Question 9

Where is the pancreas situated

Answer 9

posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric region and upper left quadrant

Question 10

With what duct does the main duct of pancreas join with

Answer 10

duct prior to the ampulla of vater

Question 11

what percentage of the pancreas comprised of endocrine cells

Answer 11

5%

Question 12

Position of kidneys

Answer 12

Lie high on posterior abdominal wall either side of vertebral column
Right kidney lies lower due to presence of the liver
As diaphragm contracts during breathing kidneys move down

Question 13

What does the cortex part of the adrenal glands secrete

Answer 13

Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

Question 14

What does the medulla part of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 14

Catecholamines

Question 15

What is the Diencephalon

Answer 15

Region of the brain situated between cerebrum and brainstem, almost completely hidden from the surface
Consists of dorsal thalamus and ventral hypothalamus

Question 16

What is the thalamus

Answer 16

Large mass of grey matter
Lies on either side of the third ventricle
Great relay station on the afferent sensory pathway to the cerebral cortex

Question 17

what does the hypothalamus form (in terms of anatomy)

Answer 17

The lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle

Question 18

What is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 18

Controls ANS and endocrine system for body homeostasis
Site of numerous converging and diverging neuronal pathways
Rich blood supply enabling sampling of blood

Question 19

What parasympathetic responses do the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area influence

Answer 19

Lowering blood pressure
Slowing of heart rate
Contraction of bladder
Increased motility of gastrointestinal tract
Salvation

Question 20

What sympathetic responses to the posterior and lateral nuclei cause

Answer 20

Elevation of blood pressure
Acceleration of heart rate
Cessation of peristalsis of GI tract

Question 21

Hormones released form the anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Answer 21

Prolactin
Growth hormone
TSH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropin

Question 22

What does the anterior portion of the hypothalamus control

Answer 22

mechanisms of dissipation of heat loss
dilatation of skin blood vessels
Sweating

Question 23

What mechanism does the posterior portion of the hypothalamus control

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels
Inhibition of sweating
Shivering

Question 24

What region of the hypothalamus initiates hunger and thirst and what inhibits it

Answer 24

Lateral region initiates

Medial region inhibits