Anatomy of the endocrine system Flashcards
What is a gland
Collection of secretory epithelial cells
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Thyrocalcitonin
Which tracheal rings does the isthmus overlie
Tracheal rings 2-4
Function of parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteoclastic activity in bones to mobilise bone calcium and increase calcium in the blood
Stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from small intestine via vitamin D
Stimulates reabsorption of calcium in kidney
What is hyperparathyroidism
Too much parathyroid hormone
What is hyperparathyroidism
Too much parathyroid hormone
How is the thyroglossal duct formed
In week 3/4, an endodermal thickening in the midline of the pharynx between the tuberculum impar and the copula forms
Later the thickening becomes a diverticulum that grows inferiorly into underlying mesenchyme and is called the thyroglossal duct
How does the thyroglossal gland form thyroid
Duct elongates and distal end becomes bilobed
Duct becomes a solid cord of cells and following epithelial proliferation, the bilobed terminal swelling expands to form thyroid gland
What does retroperitoneal mean
Plastered to wall
Where is the pancreas situated
posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric region and upper left quadrant
With what duct does the main duct of pancreas join with
duct prior to the ampulla of vater
what percentage of the pancreas comprised of endocrine cells
5%
Position of kidneys
Lie high on posterior abdominal wall either side of vertebral column
Right kidney lies lower due to presence of the liver
As diaphragm contracts during breathing kidneys move down
What does the cortex part of the adrenal glands secrete
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens
What does the medulla part of the adrenal gland secrete
Catecholamines
What is the Diencephalon
Region of the brain situated between cerebrum and brainstem, almost completely hidden from the surface
Consists of dorsal thalamus and ventral hypothalamus
What is the thalamus
Large mass of grey matter
Lies on either side of the third ventricle
Great relay station on the afferent sensory pathway to the cerebral cortex
what does the hypothalamus form (in terms of anatomy)
The lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle
What is the function of the hypothalamus
Controls ANS and endocrine system for body homeostasis
Site of numerous converging and diverging neuronal pathways
Rich blood supply enabling sampling of blood
What parasympathetic responses do the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area influence
Lowering blood pressure Slowing of heart rate Contraction of bladder Increased motility of gastrointestinal tract Salvation
What sympathetic responses to the posterior and lateral nuclei cause
Elevation of blood pressure
Acceleration of heart rate
Cessation of peristalsis of GI tract
Hormones released form the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Prolactin Growth hormone TSH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropin
What does the anterior portion of the hypothalamus control
mechanisms of dissipation of heat loss
dilatation of skin blood vessels
Sweating
What mechanism does the posterior portion of the hypothalamus control
Vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels
Inhibition of sweating
Shivering
What region of the hypothalamus initiates hunger and thirst and what inhibits it
Lateral region initiates
Medial region inhibits
