Anatomy of the lower limb

Question 1

Where is the acetabulum

Answer 1

The acetabulum (socket) is deep and encompasses nearly all of the head of the femur.

Question 2

Artiuclation of femur

Answer 2

The femurarticulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum to form thehip joint
Medial and lateral condyles articulate with tibia and patella

Question 3

What is the medial malleolus

Answer 3

Medial malleolus: a medial bony projection continuing inferiorly. It articulates with the tarsal bones to form part of the ankle joint.

Question 4

What is the lateral malleolus

Answer 4

Lateral malleolus: a lateral bony projection continuing inferiorly. It articulates with the tarsal bones to form part of the ankle joint.
PArt of the fibula

Question 5

3 main articulations of fibula

Answer 5

Proximal tibiofibular joint– articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
Distal tibiofibular joint– articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia.
Ankle joint– articulates with the talus bone of the foot.

Question 6

What are the superficial abductors and extenders

Answer 6

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus.

Question 7

What are the deep lateral rotators

Answer 7

Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Gemellus inferior
Obturator internus.

Question 8

What is the tensor fascia latae

Answer 8

gluteal muscle that acts as a flexor, abductor, and internal rotator of the hip in addition to tensing the iliotibial tract

Question 9

What is the iliotibial tract

Answer 9

Theiliotibial tractis a lateral thickening of the fascia lata, which is strengthened by fibres from thegluteus maximus. It extends from the iliac tubercle to the lateral tibial condyle.

Question 10

Purpose and innervation of anterior compartment of thigh

Answer 10

Extends the leg at theknee joint
Flexes the hip

Innervated by thefemoral nerve(L2-L4)

Question 11

3 major muscles of the anterrior thigh

Answer 11

Pectineus
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris

Question 12

Where does each part of the iliopsoas originate and where does it insert

Answer 12

Psoas major: T12-L4
Iliacus: Iliac fossa

Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

Question 13

Function of iliopsoas

Answer 13

Major flexor of hip

Question 14

What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris

Answer 14

Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris

Question 15

What attaches the quadriceps fermoris to the patella

Answer 15

Quadriceps tendon

Question 16

Origin, insertion and function of the sartorius

Answer 16

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion: Tibia (superior medial surface)
Function: Flexor, abductor, and lateral rotator of the hip. Flexor of the knee.

Question 17

Origin, insertion and action of the pectineus

Answer 17

Origin: Pectineal line on the anterior surface of the pelvis
Insertion: Pectineal line on the posterior side of the femur (inferior to lesser trochanter)
Actions: Adduction and flexion at the hip joint.

Question 18

What are the muscles of the medial component of the thigh

Answer 18

Gracilis
Obturator externus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor minimi

Question 19

What are the hip adductors (medial compartment of thigh) innervated by

Answer 19

Obturator nerve

Question 20

Origin, insertion and function of obturarot externus and adductors

Answer 20

Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Femur
Function: Adduction and lateral rotation of the thigh.

Question 21

Origin, insertion and function of gracilis

Answer 21

Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia, between the tendons of the sartorius (anteriorly) and the semitendinosus (posteriorly).
Function: Adduction of the thigh at the hip, and flexion of the leg at the knee.

Question 22

What muscles make up the posterior compartment of thigh

What innervates them

Answer 22

Biceps femoris (most lateral)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus (most medial)

Innervated by sciatic nerve

Question 23

Origin insertions and function of the hamstrings

Answer 23

Origin: Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
Insertions:
-Biceps femoris: head of the fibula
-Semimembranosus and semitendinosus: medial tibia

Function: Extend hip and flex knee

Question 24

Muscles of the anterior compartment of leg

Answer 24

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Question 25

Origin and insertion of tibialis anterior

Answer 25

Tibialis anterior Origin: Tibia (lateral surface) Insertion: Metatarsal I, medial cuneiform

Question 26

Origin nad insertion of extensor digitorum longus

Answer 26

Extensor digitorum longus Origin: Tibia and fibula Insertion: Phalanges II:V

Question 27

Origin and insertion of extensor hallucis longus

Answer 27

Extensor hallucis longus Origin: Fibula Insertion: Distal phalanx of hallux (big toe)

Question 28

Muscles of the lateral compartment of leg | Their origin and insertion included

Answer 28

Fibularis (peroneal) longus Origin: Fibula (Proximal 2/3) Insertion: Medial cuneiform, Metatarsal I Fibularis (peroneal) brevis  Origin: Fibula (Distal 2/3) Insertion: Metatarsal V

Question 29

What are the 3 superficial msucles of the psoterior compartment of leg

Answer 29

Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

Question 30

Origin insertion and function of gastrocnemius

Answer 30

Origin: Lateral head: Lateral femoral condyle Medial head: Medial femoral condyle. Insertion: Calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon with soleus and plantaris) Function: Plantarflexes ankle and flexes the knee

Question 31

Origin, insertion and function of soleus

Answer 31

Origin: Soleal line of the tibia and proximal fibula. Insertion: Calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon with gastrocnemius and plantaris) Function: Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle joint.

Question 32

Origin, insertion and function of plantaris

Answer 32

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of the femur. Insertion: Calcaneus (via calcaneal tendon with gastrocnemius and soleus) Function: Plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee.

Question 33

4 deep muscles of the posterior leg

Answer 33

Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitiorum longus Flexor hallucis longus

Question 34

origin, insertion and function of popliteus

Answer 34

Origin: Lateral condyle of femur Insertion: Proximal tibia Function: Initiates flexion of locked knee

Question 35

Origin, insertion and function of tibialis posterior

Answer 35

Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula Insertion: Navicular, medial cuneiform Function: Plantarflexion, foot inversion

Question 36

Origin, insertion and function of flexor digitorum longus

Answer 36

Origin: Medial/posterior tibia Insertion: Distal phalanx II:V Function: Plantarflexion, foot inversion, flex toes

Question 37

Origin, insertion and function of flexor hallucis longus

Answer 37

Origin: Distal 2/3 of fibula Insertion: Distal phalanx I Function: Plantarflexion, foot inversion, flex hallux

Question 38

Origin of the first plantar layer of foot

Answer 38

All originate on calcaneal tuberosity and the plantar aponeurosis

Question 39

Insertion and function of the first plantar layer of foot

Answer 39

Abductor hallucis Insertion: Proximal phalanx of hallux (big toe) Function: Abduct and flex hallux Flexor digitorum brevis Insertion: Middle phalanges II:V Function: Flex toes II:V Abductor digiti minimi Insertion: Proximal phalanx V Function: Abduct and flex toe V

Question 40

Origin, insertion and function of quadratus plantae

Answer 40

Origin: -Lateral border of calcaneus (lateral head) -medial border of calcaneus (medial head) Insertion: Flexor digitorum longus tendon Function: Flex toes II:V

Question 41

Origin, insertion and function of lumbricals

Answer 41

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus Insertion: Proximal phalanges of toes II:V Function: Flex and adduct toes II:V

Question 42

Origin, insertion and function of flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 42

Origin: Cuboid, lateral cuneiform, medial cuneiform Insertion: Medial and lateral surfaces of proximal phalanx I (of the hallux) Function: Flex hallux

Question 43

origin, insertion and function of adductor hallucis

Answer 43

Origin: Metatarsals II:IV (transverse head) Lateral cuneiform, cuboid (oblique head) Insertion: Proximal phalanx of hallux Function: Adduct and flex hallux

Question 44

Origin, insertion and function of flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 44

Origin: Metatarsal V Insertion: Proximal phalanx V Function: Plantarflexion of digit V

Question 45

Origin, insertion and function of plantar interossei

Answer 45

Origin: Medial surfaces of metatarsals III:V Insertion: Proximal phalanges III:V Function: Flex and adduct toes III:V

Question 46

Dorsal interossei (four muscles) origin, insertion and function

Answer 46

Origin: Medial and lateral surface of each metatarsal (except medial of metatarsal I and lateral of metatarsal V) Insertion: Proximal phalanges of toes II:IV Function: Flex and abduct toes II:IV

Question 47

Extensor digitorum brevis origin,insertion and function

Answer 47

Origin: Calcaneus Insertion: Extensor digitorum longus tendons (toes II:IV) Function: Extend toes II:IV

Question 48

Extensor hallucis brevis origin, insertion and function

Answer 48

Origin: Calcaneus Insertion: Proximal phalanx I Function: Extend hallux