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Anatomy YR1 > Embryology of head and neck > Flashcards

Embryology of head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

3 regions of mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What is paraxial mesoderm

A

Thicked plate of tissue either side of midline

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3
Q

What is lateral plate mesoderm

A

divdes into two layers
Somatic/partietal mesoderm
Splanchin/visceral mesoderm
Line the intaembryonic cavity

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4
Q

What is intermediate mesoderm

A

Connects the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

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5
Q

What is a somite

A

Ball of mesoderm

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6
Q

WHat do somites begin as and where do they appear

A

First known as somitomeres

Appear in the cephalic region of embryo then develop cephalo-caudally

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7
Q

How many somites should be present at the end of 5th week

A

42-44 paris

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8
Q

Which somites disappears

A

first occipital somite

last 5-7 coccygeal somite

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9
Q

What somites are left and what do they do

A 
3 occipital
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5lumbar
5 sacral
3-5 coccygeal

Go on to form axial skelton

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10
Q

How does the sclerotome form

A

Somites (contain fibroblasts-like cells)
They then arrange themselves in a donut shape around a small lumen and become epithelial cells
Cells in the ventromedial wall of somite lose epithelial characteristics
Change their position to surround the neural tube and notochord
forming the sclerotome

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11
Q

What does scelerotome eventually form

A

Vertebrae and ribs

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12
Q

How does the myotome form

A

Cells in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral walls of somite form the myotome

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13
Q

What is the myotome

A

Precursor for muscle cells

Some muscle precursors cells migrate into the parietal later of lateral plate mesoderm to form body wall muscles

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14
Q

How does the dermatome form

A

Cells in between the muscle precursor cells fo the somite form the dermatome

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15
Q

What is the dermomyotome

A

Myotome cells migrate beneath the dermatome to form a dermomyotome

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16
Q

How is the dermis layer of the back formed

A

Dermatome cells become migratory and migrate beneath the surface ectoderm, forming the dermis of the back

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17
Q

How is the dermis layer of the back formed

A

Dermatome cells become migratory and migrate beneath the surface ectoderm, forming the dermis of the back

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18
Q

How are the myotome and dermatome innervated

A

Retains innervation from its segment of origin

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19
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form

A

Forms urogenital structures
Forms future nephortomes
More caudally forms the nephrogenic cord

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20
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm go on to form

A

Lines the intraembryonic cavity
Lines the organs and gut tube
Goes on to form the serous membranes of future peritoneal, plural and pericardial cavities

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21
Q

What does parietal LPM form

A

lateral body wall folds
form the dermis of skin in body wall and limbs
Form muscles of limbs, body wall and costal cartilages along with sclerotome and muscles cells from somites

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22
Q

What does the visceral LPM form

A

With the endoderm forms the wall fo the gut tube

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23
Q

What does the intraembryonic cavity form

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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24
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm from regarding head and neck

A

Somiters and somitomeres
LArge portion of membranous and cartilaginous parts of skull
All voluntary muscles of craniofacial region
Dermis
Connective tissue of dorsal head
Meninges caudal to prosencephalon

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25
Q

What does the LPM do regarding head and neck

A

Laryngeal cartilages

Connective tissue of laryngeal region

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26
Q

How do thickened regions of ectoderm assist in development of head and neck

A

With NCC, form neurons of the 5th, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial sensory ganglia

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27
Q

What do pharyngeal arches contain

A

Consists of a core of mesenchymal tissue derived from mesoderm
Covered externally by ectoderm
COnvered internally by endorderm

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28
Q

What components do each pharyngeal arch have

A

Muscular component
SKeletal/cartilaginous component
cranial nerve
arterial component

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves contribute to the pharygeal arches

A

CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN V

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30
Q

What happens at the end of 4th week of development regarding face development

A

Centre of face is formed by the stomedeum
closed by the oropharyngeal membrane
surrounded by the first pair of pharyngeal arches

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31
Q

What two parts is the first pharyngeal arch made up of

A

Maxaially part - latyeral to stomedeum

Mandibular part - caudal to stomodeum

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32
Q

What is the stomodeum

A

Future oral cavity

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33
Q

What dies maxiallary process of 1st pharyngeal arch go on to form

A

Future maxilla, zygomatic bone and part of the temporal bone

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34
Q

What dies mandibulary process of 1st pharyngeal arch go on to form

A

Contains Mercel’s cartilage

Mesenchyme surround Meckel’s cartilage will become future mandible

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35
Q

What muscles are associated with the 1st PA

A

muscles of mastication

Anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor palatini

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36
Q

What nerve components are associated with the 1st PA

A

The mandibular branch of CN V supplies all the muscles

All 3 branches of CN V provide innervation to the skin of the face

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37
Q

What catilagionous component dfoes the 2nd PA contain

A

Reichert’s cartilage

38
Q

What does reichert’s cartilage go on ot form

A

Stapes
Styloid process of temporal bone
Stylohyoid ligament
Parts of the hyoid bone

39
Q

Muslces involved with 2nd PA

A

Stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric, auricular muscles, and muscle fo facial expression

40
Q

What nerve is involved with 2nd PA

A

CN VII

41
Q

The CArtilage of 3rd PA function

A

Produces parts of the hyoid bone

42
Q

The mesenchyme of which PA forms most of the external ear

A

2nd PA

43
Q

MSucles associated with the 3rd PA

A

Styloharyngeus muslce

44
Q

NErve ivolved with 3rd PA

A

CN IX

45
Q

Cartilagious componentn of 4th and 6th PA function

A

Fuse to form laryngeal cartialges which form the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

46
Q

Muslces of 4th PA

A

Cricothyroid, lavator veli palatini, constrictors of the pharynx

47
Q

Muslces of 6th arch

A

Intrinsic muscles of larynx

48
Q

Nerve fo 4th PA

A

Superior laryngeal rbanch of CN X

49
Q

nerve of 6th PA

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

50
Q

Which PA contributes to the bones of middle ear, part of the external ear and the EAM

A

1st arch

51
Q

What is the aortic sac

A

Distal part of the truncus arteriosus

52
Q

What happens to the first AA

A

mostly regresses, with small portion forming the maxilalry artery

53
Q

What happens to he 2nd aortic arch

A

Disappers

54
Q

What happens to the 3rd aortic arch

A

Forms common carotid artery and the proximal part of the ICA

Gives rise to the ECA

55
Q

What happens to te 4th aortic arch

A

Left side forms part of the aortic arch between the left common carotid and left subclavian
Right forms the right subclavian artery

56
Q

What happens to the 6th aortic arch

A

Pulmonary arch
Proximal part of the right pulmonary artery
Let side it forms the ductus arteriosus and left pulmonary artery

57
Q

What happens to the right forsal aorta and the connection between 3rd and 4h arch

A

Regresses

58
Q

What happens to the right dorsal aorta and the connection between 3rd and 4h arch

A

Regresses

59
Q

What does Pharyngeal pouch 1 form

A

Distal end forms tympanic cavity

Proximal end forms auditory tube

60
Q

What does Pharyngeal pouch 2 form

A

Palatine tonsil and the tonsilar fossa

61
Q

What does Pharyngeal pouch 3 form

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

Thymus

62
Q

How does thymus migrate

A

Both inferior parathyroid gland and thymus lose their connection to wall of the pharynx

Thymus migrates towards mediastinum, pulling the inferior parathyroid gland with it
Thymus fuses with its counterpart from the other side

63
Q

What does Pharyngeal pouch 4 form

A

Superior parathyroid glands

64
Q

What is the ultimopharyngeal body

A

Becomes embedded in the thyroid gland as parafollicular cells
These cells secrete calcitonin

65
Q

How does tongue form

A

Initially from 3 swellings
Two lateral lingual swellings
One medial selling
Both originate from the 1st pharyngeal arch
Another swelling then forms called the copula
Epiglottis then forms from the another swelling from the 4th arch

66
Q

From where does the copula form

A

Swelling formed from the mesoderm of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th arches

67
Q

What is immediately behind the epiglottis swelling

A

Laryngeal orifice

68
Q

What forms the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Lateral lingual swelling and medial swelling increase in size and merge

69
Q

What performs the general sensory innervation of the anterior part of the tongue

A

CN V3

70
Q

What si the posteiror part of tongue derived from

A

Arches 2-4

71
Q

What provides sensory innervation of the posteror aprt of tonue

A

CN IX

72
Q

How does the thyroid gland develop

A

Develops from the epithelial proliferation situated at a point called the foramen caecum
Develops as a diverticulum
Descends anterior to the pharynx
Connected via the thyroglossal duct to the tongue (should regress)
Reaches final position ventral to the trachea

73
Q

What does the face form from

A

Facial prominences which are derived from the first PA

74
Q

What are the facial prominences

A

Maxillary prominence - lateral to stomodeum
Mandibular prominence - caudal to stomodeum
Frontonasal prominence - upper border of stomodeum
Bilateral thickening of surface ectoderm appear - nasal placodes

75
Q

How do nasal pits form

A

Invagination of nasal placodes

76
Q

What happens after week 5 regarding the maxillary prominence

A

Increase in size and grow medially
compress the medial nasal prominences
towards midline, which fuse
Gap between medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence is lost forming upper lip

77
Q

How is upper lip formed

A

Fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal prominence

78
Q

How does lower lip and mandible form

A

Mandibular prominence grows towards one another and fuse in the midline

79
Q

How does intermaxillary segment form

A

Two nasal prominences merge together

80
Q

What is the main part of the palate formed from

A

maxillary prominence

81
Q

What acts as the landmark between the primary and secondary palates

A

Incisive foramen

82
Q

What are anterior cleft deformities

A

lateral cleft lip
Cleft upper jaw
Cleft between the primary and secondary palate
These are due to partial or complete failure of the fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal prominence

83
Q

What are posterior cleft deformities

A

Cleft palate - palatine shelves do not fuse

Cleft uvula

84
Q

What are palatine shelves

A

a medially directed outgrowth of the embryonic maxilla; when fused with its opposite number it forms the secondary palate

85
Q

What does the labial component form

A

Philtrum of the upper lip

86
Q

What does the upper jaw component form

A

4 incisor teeth

87
Q

What does the Palatal component form

A

Primary palate

88
Q

What are the pharyngeal clefts lined with

A

ectoderm

89
Q

What was previously thought to form the EAM and what actually forms it

A

Previosly thoguth to be formed by the 1st pharyngeal cleft

Actually arised from the 1st PA

90
Q

What causes PC 1 to disappear

A

PA2 expands in size

Also extends caudally overlapping cleft 2 and 3

91
Q

How do cleft 2,3 and 4 lose contact with outside

What happens to them after

A

PA 2 meets another bulk of tissue called epicardial ridge and they merge

cleft 2,3 and 4 form a cavity called the cervical sinus that will disappear

92
Q

What is branchial fistula

A

Remnants of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th pharyngeal clefts

Cysts can be remains of the cervical sinus that should regress

Anatomy YR1 (29 decks)

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