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Anatomy YR1 > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the SCALP consist of

clue is in the name

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
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2
Q

What are the 3 meninges of the skull

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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3
Q

What is the dura mater

A

Outermost meningial layer
Tough, fibrous membrane
Restricts movement of the brain

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4
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A

Outer periosteal layer

Inner meningeal layer

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5
Q

What is the Flax cerebri

A

Midline

Seperates the two cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

Forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa
Seperates cerebellum from occipital lobes
Free border = tentorial notch, for the passage of the midbrain

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7
Q

What are the dural reflections and what are their purposes

A

Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Subdivides the cranial cavity
Protects and insulates the brain to reduce injury in response to trauma
Provides pathways fro blood vessels and nerves

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8
Q

What are dural venous sinuses

A

Spaces the enclose venous blood

Drain venous blood from brain, skull bones, the orbit and the inner ear

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9
Q

Dural venous sinuses in the falx cerebri

A

Superior and inferior sagitall sinuses

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10
Q

Dural venous sinuses in the tentorium cerebelli

A

Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus

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11
Q

Course of sigmoid sinus

A

Leaves the skull though jugular foramen

Drains into IJV

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12
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located

A

Lateral to sphenoid bone

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13
Q

What is the arachnoid mater

A

Middle meningeal layer
surround the brain loosely
Soft, translucent membrane
Seperated from dura by a subdural space

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14
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

A

Seperates arachnoid and pia
conatins network of arachnoid trabeculae
Blood vessels and cerebrospinla fluid

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15
Q

What is the pia mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer
Microscopically thin
Closely adherant to brain surface

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16
Q

What is the extra-dural space

A

Potential space
Between bone and dura
usually the dura is firmly attached to the skull
contains meningeal arteries

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17
Q

What is sub-dural space

A

Potential space

Between dura and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Fluid filled space

Between the arachnoid and pia mater

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19
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear colourless fluid that surround the brain and spinal cord and has many important functions

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20
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Buiyancy
Protection
Clearing waste
Chemical stability

21
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain and their connections

A

Lateral ventricle (x2)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
interventricular foramen (between lateral and third ventricle)
Aqueduct of midbrain (between the third and fourth ventricle)

22
Q

Name the parts of the lateral ventricles

and their association to the brain

A 
Anterior horns (frontal lobe)
Body (parietal lobe)
Posterior horns (OCCIPITAL LOBE)
Inferior horns (temporal love)
23
Q

How is the choroid plexus formed and where is it located

A

Formed by an invagniation of the pia mater into ventricular lumen
located in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

24
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

25
Q

What is CSF

A

Colourless fluid with little protein and few cells
Total volume approx. 150ml
Produced continuously, and replaces itself several times a day
CSF must therefore be circulated and reabsorbed if it is continuously produced

26
Q

CSF circulation

A

Flows through the ventricular system into the fourth ventricle
From there it enters the central canal of the spinal cord and the Subarachnoid space via 2 lateral apertures and 1 median aperture
From the sub-arachnoid space, CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses vai the arachnoid villi

27
Q

What are the arachnoid villi

A

Projections of the arachnoid later into the dural venous sinuses and sites of absorption
Most commonly found in the superior sagittal sinus

28
Q

How does CSF absorption occur

A

CSF has higher hydrostatic pressure than venous blood

So absorbed in the venous blood though the villi

29
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Expansion of the ventricles

30
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord

A 
8 Cervical segemnts
12 Thoracic segmants
5 Lumbar segmants
5 Sacral segments
1 Coccygeal segmants
31
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate in adults

A

L1/L2

32
Q

What are the 3 spinal meningeal layers

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater]
Dura mater

33
Q

What seperates the dura mater from the bone in spina cord

A

adipose tissue

34
Q

Which root of the spinal nerve is motor (and which is sensory)

A

Ventral root = motor

Dorsal root = sensory

35
Q

How do they spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal

A

Via the intervertebral foramen - a hole between two adjacent vertebrae

36
Q

What ahppens to the spinal nerve when it exits the vertebral canal

A

Splits into the posterior ramus and anterior ramus

37
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by one pair of spinal nerves

38
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres arise from

A

Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

S2 to S4 spinal segments

39
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres arise from

A

T1 to L2

40
Q

Features of the spinal cord

A 
Outer white matter
Inner grey matter
Central canal
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
41
Q

What areas is the white matter subdivided into

A

Dorsal funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Ventral funiculus

42
Q

What regions is the grey matter subdivided into

A

Dorsal horn
Lateral horn
Ventral horn

43
Q

What is the function of the dorsal horn

A

Main site of termination of primary afferent fibres

44
Q

What is the function of the lateral horn

A

Cell bodies of pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres are located

45
Q

What is the function of ventral horn

A

Contain cell bodies of motor neurons that will leave the spinal cord through ventral root

46
Q

What is the function of the ascending tract

A

Carry impulses from pain, thermal, tactile, muscle and joint receptors to the brain

47
Q

What is the general sensation of the ascending tracts

A

Usually 3 neurons between the receptor and the cerebral cortex
First order neuron - enters spinal cord on ipsilateral side
second order neuron then crosses over to other side of spinal cord and ascends to the thalamus
Third order neuron then leaves the thalamus and projects to the somatosensory cortex

48
Q

What is the descending tract

A

Originate form the cerebral cortex and brainstem
Concerned with control of movement, muscle tone, spinal reflexes , spinal autonomic functions and modulation of sensory transmission to higher centres

49
Q

What is the corticospinal tract

A

Upper motor neuron leaves the pre-central gyrus and descends to the brainstem
Majority of the fibres cross over when they reach the medulla oblongata
Specifically they decussate at the pyramids
Continues down spinal cord to the desired level as the lateral corticospinal tract
here it synapses with a lower motor neuron, which will leave the spinal cord in a spinal nerve to innervate skeletal muscle

Anatomy YR1 (29 decks)

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