Gross Anatomy of the GI 1

Question 1

What 2 lines divide the abdominal regions into it’s 4 quadrants

Answer 1

Median line and transumbilical line

Question 2

What lines divide the abdominal region into 9 regions

Answer 2

2x midclavicular lines
Subcostal line
Transtubercular line

Question 3

What are the 9 abdominal regions

Answer 3

Right and left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right and left lumbar
Umbilical
Right and left inguinal
Hypogastric (or pubic)

Question 4

What are the skeletal components of the abdominal wall

Answer 4

5x lumbar vertebrae + vertebral discs
Expanded part of pelvic bone
Inferior thoracic wall
-Costal margin
-Xiphoid process
-Rib 12
-End of rib 11

Question 5

What are the muscular components of abdomen wall

Answer 5

Posteriorly

• quadratus lumborum
• Psoas major
• iliacus

Laterally - 3 layers of muscle

Question 6

Wha is the superficial layer of the abdominal wall made of

Answer 6

Fatty layer

Membranous layer

Question 7

What is the muscular layer of the abdominal wall made up of

Answer 7

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis

Question 8

What is the rectus sheath

Answer 8

Aponeurotic tendinous sheath that encloses rectus abdominis muscle
Formed from aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Question 9

Function of external oblique

Answer 9

Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side

Question 10

Function of Internal oblique

Answer 10

Compress abdominal contents
Both muscles flex trunk
each muscle bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side

Question 11

Function of Transversus abdominis

Answer 11

Compress abdominal contens

Question 12

Function of rectus abdominis

Answer 12

Compress abdominal contents
Flex vertebral column
Tense abdominal wall

Question 13

Function of Pyramidalis

Answer 13

Tenses the linea alba

Question 14

Functions of abdominal wall

Answer 14

Help maintain the position of abdominal viscera
Breathing (relaxes during inspiration, contracts during expiration)
Increase intrabdominal pressure

Question 15

What is the peritoneum

Answer 15

A thin serous membrane lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 16

What are the two parts of peritoneum

Answer 16

Parietal peritoneum - lines wall of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral peritoneum - Lines the organs

Question 17

What is the peritoneal cavity

Answer 17

Potential space
Closed cavity in males
Communication with the exterior via the vagina, uterus and uterine tubes females

Question 18

What is intraperitoneal

Answer 18

When an organ is completely covered with visceral peritoneum

organs are attached to each other or to the abdominal wall by peritoneal folds

Question 19

What is the retroperitoneal

Answer 19

When an organ lies behind the peritoneum, only partially covered

Question 20

What are mesenteries

Answer 20

Thin sheets of tissue that suspend gut tube from the posterior abdominal wall and part of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 21

What are the large vessels, nerves and lymph associated with

Answer 21

Posterior abdominal wall along media axis and dorsal mesentery

Question 22

Where is the liver found

Answer 22

Predominantly in the right hypochondriac and epigastric region but also extends into left hypochondriac region

Question 23

Explain the diaphragmatic surface of liver

Answer 23

Anterior, superior, posterior
Smooth and domed
Against inferior surface of diaphragm

Question 24

Explain the visceral surface of liver

Answer 24

Inferior
concave in shape
In contact with other organs

Question 25

What are the 4 lobes of the liver

Answer 25

Right lobe Left lobe Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe

Question 26

Where do the caudate and quadrate lobes rise and function from

Answer 26

Anatomical rise from right lobe | functionally relate to left lobe

Question 27

What are the ligaments found in the liver

Answer 27

Coronary ligament | Triangular ligament

Question 28

What structures is the visceral layer of the liver related to

Answer 28

``` Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Lesser omentum Gallbladder Right colic flexure and transverse colon Right kidney and suprarenal gland Inferior vena cava ```

Question 29

What is the porta hepatis

Answer 29

Entry point for hepatic arteries and portal vein | Exit point from the hepatic ducts

Question 30

What is the gall bladder

Answer 30

Pear shaped sac Visceral surface of liver on right lobe Lies between right lobe and quadrate lobe Receives, concentrates and stores bile from the liver

Question 31

What are the main parts of the gall bladder

Answer 31

Fundus Body Neck

Question 32

How is the biliary tree formed

Answer 32

Right and left hepatic duct join to form common hepatic duct This then joins with the cystic duct and forms the bile duct Bile duct joins with the main pancreatic duct

Question 33

Where is the pancreas found

Answer 33

Posterior to stomach | Lies across the posterior abdominal wall from duodeum on right to spleen on left

Question 34

How is the hepatopancreatic ampulla formed

Answer 34

Main pancreatic duct joins the bile duct

Question 35

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 35

Major duodenal papilla

Question 36

What is the accessory pancreatic duct

Answer 36

Minor duodenal papilla

Question 37

Describe what the oral cavity is made up of

Answer 37

``` Anterior opening = oral fissure Lateral walls = cheeks Roof = hard palate, soft palate Floor = tongue, muscular sling Posterior aperture = oropharyngeal isthmus, opens into oral part of pharynx ```

Question 38

Describe what the oral cavity is made up of

Answer 38

``` Anterior opening = oral fissure Lateral walls = cheeks Roof = hard palate, soft palate Floor = tongue, muscular sling Posterior aperture = oropharyngeal isthmus, opens into oral part of pharynx Contains dental arches Contains uvula ```

Question 39

Describe the gross anatomy of the tongue

Answer 39

Anterior 2/3 of oral cavity sits on floor of oral cavity Posterior 1/3 forms anterior wall of oropharynx Root attached to mandible and hyoid

Question 40

What is the terminal sulcus

Answer 40

V-shaped Separates anterior and posterior parts of the tongue Foramen caecum

Question 41

What are the msucles of the tongue

Answer 41

Median septum Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles

Question 42

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles

Answer 42

Palatoglossus Styloglossus Hypoglossus Genioglossus

Question 43

What are the muscles of the tongue innervated by

Answer 43

Hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve)

Question 44

What are salivary glands

Answer 44

Glands that open or secrete into the oral cavity | Small glands in the mucosa or sub-mucosa of the oral epithelium lining the tongue, palate, cheeks, lips

Question 45

Features to note for nasopharynx

Answer 45

Has opening of the pharyngotympanic tube | Pharyngeal tonsil

Question 46

Features to note for the oropharynx

Answer 46

Pharyngeal part of the tongue - Lingual tonsils | Palatine tonsils

Question 47

What is the oesophagus

Answer 47

Muscular tube that expands with food bolus Begins in the laryngopharynx at C6 and extends down to T11 2 layers of muscle for peristalsis 20-40 cm long and 1-2 cm wide

Question 48

How does the oesophagus enter the stomach

Answer 48

Passes thorugh the abdominal hiatus of the diaphragm the through the lower oesphageal sphinter at level T11

Question 49

3 portions of oesophagus

Answer 49

Cervical - cricoid (C5/6) to sternal notch Thoracic - thoracic aperture (T1) to oesophageal hiatus (T10) Abdominal - Oesophageal hiatus to stomach