Gross Anatomy of the GI 1 Flashcards
What 2 lines divide the abdominal regions into it’s 4 quadrants
Median line and transumbilical line
What lines divide the abdominal region into 9 regions
2x midclavicular lines
Subcostal line
Transtubercular line
What are the 9 abdominal regions
Right and left hypochondriac Epigastric Right and left lumbar Umbilical Right and left inguinal Hypogastric (or pubic)
What are the skeletal components of the abdominal wall
5x lumbar vertebrae + vertebral discs Expanded part of pelvic bone Inferior thoracic wall -Costal margin -Xiphoid process -Rib 12 -End of rib 11
What are the muscular components of abdomen wall
Posteriorly
- quadratus lumborum
- Psoas major
- iliacus
Laterally - 3 layers of muscle
Wha is the superficial layer of the abdominal wall made of
Fatty layer
Membranous layer
What is the muscular layer of the abdominal wall made up of
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
What is the rectus sheath
Aponeurotic tendinous sheath that encloses rectus abdominis muscle
Formed from aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Function of external oblique
Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side
Function of Internal oblique
Compress abdominal contents
Both muscles flex trunk
each muscle bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side
Function of Transversus abdominis
Compress abdominal contens
Function of rectus abdominis
Compress abdominal contents
Flex vertebral column
Tense abdominal wall
Function of Pyramidalis
Tenses the linea alba
Functions of abdominal wall
Help maintain the position of abdominal viscera
Breathing (relaxes during inspiration, contracts during expiration)
Increase intrabdominal pressure
What is the peritoneum
A thin serous membrane lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
What are the two parts of peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum - lines wall of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Visceral peritoneum - Lines the organs
What is the peritoneal cavity
Potential space
Closed cavity in males
Communication with the exterior via the vagina, uterus and uterine tubes females
What is intraperitoneal
When an organ is completely covered with visceral peritoneum
organs are attached to each other or to the abdominal wall by peritoneal folds
What is the retroperitoneal
When an organ lies behind the peritoneum, only partially covered
What are mesenteries
Thin sheets of tissue that suspend gut tube from the posterior abdominal wall and part of the anterior abdominal wall
What are the large vessels, nerves and lymph associated with
Posterior abdominal wall along media axis and dorsal mesentery
Where is the liver found
Predominantly in the right hypochondriac and epigastric region but also extends into left hypochondriac region
Explain the diaphragmatic surface of liver
Anterior, superior, posterior
Smooth and domed
Against inferior surface of diaphragm
Explain the visceral surface of liver
Inferior
concave in shape
In contact with other organs
What are the 4 lobes of the liver
Right lobe
Left lobe
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
Where do the caudate and quadrate lobes rise and function from
Anatomical rise from right lobe
functionally relate to left lobe
What are the ligaments found in the liver
Coronary ligament
Triangular ligament
What structures is the visceral layer of the liver related to
Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Lesser omentum Gallbladder Right colic flexure and transverse colon Right kidney and suprarenal gland Inferior vena cava
What is the porta hepatis
Entry point for hepatic arteries and portal vein
Exit point from the hepatic ducts
What is the gall bladder
Pear shaped sac
Visceral surface of liver on right lobe
Lies between right lobe and quadrate lobe
Receives, concentrates and stores bile from the liver
What are the main parts of the gall bladder
Fundus
Body
Neck
How is the biliary tree formed
Right and left hepatic duct join to form common hepatic duct
This then joins with the cystic duct and forms the bile duct
Bile duct joins with the main pancreatic duct
Where is the pancreas found
Posterior to stomach
Lies across the posterior abdominal wall from duodeum on right to spleen on left
How is the hepatopancreatic ampulla formed
Main pancreatic duct joins the bile duct
What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Major duodenal papilla
What is the accessory pancreatic duct
Minor duodenal papilla
Describe what the oral cavity is made up of
Anterior opening = oral fissure Lateral walls = cheeks Roof = hard palate, soft palate Floor = tongue, muscular sling Posterior aperture = oropharyngeal isthmus, opens into oral part of pharynx
Describe what the oral cavity is made up of
Anterior opening = oral fissure Lateral walls = cheeks Roof = hard palate, soft palate Floor = tongue, muscular sling Posterior aperture = oropharyngeal isthmus, opens into oral part of pharynx Contains dental arches Contains uvula
Describe the gross anatomy of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 of oral cavity sits on floor of oral cavity
Posterior 1/3 forms anterior wall of oropharynx
Root attached to mandible and hyoid
What is the terminal sulcus
V-shaped
Separates anterior and posterior parts of the tongue
Foramen caecum
What are the msucles of the tongue
Median septum
Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hypoglossus
Genioglossus
What are the muscles of the tongue innervated by
Hypoglossal nerve except for palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve)
What are salivary glands
Glands that open or secrete into the oral cavity
Small glands in the mucosa or sub-mucosa of the oral epithelium lining the tongue, palate, cheeks, lips
Features to note for nasopharynx
Has opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
Pharyngeal tonsil
Features to note for the oropharynx
Pharyngeal part of the tongue - Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils
What is the oesophagus
Muscular tube that expands with food bolus
Begins in the laryngopharynx at C6 and extends down to T11
2 layers of muscle for peristalsis
20-40 cm long and 1-2 cm wide
How does the oesophagus enter the stomach
Passes thorugh the abdominal hiatus of the diaphragm the through the lower oesphageal sphinter at level T11
3 portions of oesophagus
Cervical - cricoid (C5/6) to sternal notch
Thoracic - thoracic aperture (T1) to oesophageal hiatus (T10)
Abdominal - Oesophageal hiatus to stomach
