Test 2 Questions Flashcards
major circulating fuel in fed state
glucose
3 stages of metabolism
extracellular digestion, produce acetyl coA, produce energy
gluconeogenesis takes place where
liver
gluconeogenesis occurs during the blank state
fasted
glucose is converted to glycogen during blank
glycogenesis
muscle has blank gluconeogenic activity
insignificant
lactate production from pyruvate regenerates blank
nad+
glucose and fructose are what in relation to each other
isomers
amylopectin has this type of glycosidic bond and is blank
alpha 1,6 ; branched
cellulose has this type of glycosidic bond and is blank
beta 1,4 ; unbranched
amylopectin and cellulose are both blank polymers
glucose
amylopectin and cellulose both have blank glycosidic bonds
o linked
open chain form of glucose that forms a six member ring has blank anomeric configurations
2
can a six member ring of glucose be a reducing sugar?
yes
furanose is a blank membered ring
5
all forms of glucose are highly blank
soluble
hypoglycemia in the brain during the fasted state is because glucose passes from blood into csf through blank transporters
glut 1
secretin is a hormone that stimulates release of blank from pancreas
bicarbonate
CCK stimulates blank cells in the pancreas to release blank
acinar, pancreatic amylase
sucrase is released by blank cells and digests blank
brush border, sucrose
sucrase isomaltase complex of brush border cells cleave these glycosidic bonds
g alpha 1,2 f ; g alpha 1,6 g ; g alpha 1,4 g
glucoamylase complex of brush border cells cleave these glycosidic bonds
g alpha 1,4 g (from non reducing ends) (is an exoglucosidase but alpha-amylase is an endoglucosidase)
trehalase complex of brush border cells cleave these glycosidic bonds
g alpha 1,1 g
sglt 1 sodium glucose symport occurs in the blank tubules and blank
renal, intestinal mucosa
sglt 1 transports na+ blank its concentration gradient
down
blank can also be transported in sglt 1 transporters
galactose
sglt 1 uses atp but does not have a blank
ATPase (sodium potassium pump)
more saturated a fatty acid is… the blank the melting point
higher
natural fatty acids usually have blank double bonds
cis
numbering of fatty acids starts from the blank carbon
carboxyl
bile salts can be conjugated to either blank or blank
glycine, taurine
bile salts are synthesized by blank in the bile
cholesterol
95 percent of bile salts are blank
reabsorbed
vitamins, and long fatty acids require bile salts but this range of fatty acids does not require them for intestinal absorption
C2-C12
limit dextrins have this glycosidic bond
alpha 1,6
maltose have this glycosidic bond
alpha 1,4
galactose have this glycosidic bond
beta 1,4
what causes an increased density
protein
delta G of glucokinase
-4
committed and highly regulated step of glycolysis
3 (PFK-1)
muscle and brain predominantly use hexokinase or glucokinase
hexokinase
pfk-1 is activated by this metabolite
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
enzyme converting 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
enolase
enolase is inhibited by blank
sodium fluoride in toothpaste
alcoholic fermentation in yeasts involves the decarboxylation of blank
pyruvate
which of these does catabolism of ethanol in the liver not make?
nadh, pyruvate, acetaldehyde, acetate
pyruvate
reactions catalyzed by blank take place in mitochondria, require thiamine pyrophosphate as a cofactor, produce nadh, and are regulated by atp
pdc
rate limiting step in glucose oxidation
pdc
pdc e1 requires this cofactor
TPP
pdc e1 is reversible or irreversible
irreversible
pdc e1 that is phosphorylated is functionally blank
inactive
substrate of pdc e1
pyruvate
enzymes of tca cycle that are dissolved in mitochondrial matrix
malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, succinyl coA synthetase, citrate synthase
glycerol phosphate electron shuttle is used for reoxidation of nadh produced from this enzyme
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
a high level of nadh will blank flux through glycolysis
decrease
TCA requires this coenzyme
coA
TCA has a net blank of oxaloacetate
no change
TCA has a production of high energy phosphates via blank
substrate level phosphorylation
TCA substrates have blank roles in metabolism
amphibolic
TCA produces fadh2 true or false
true
this is involved in ketone bodies and can pass the blood brain barrier
beta hydroxybutyrate
true or false beta hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the cytosol
false
deficiency of vitamin B12 would cause presence of blank in the urine
methylmalonate
carnitine in beta oxidation is related to the translocation of blank into the blank
fatty acids, mitochondria
acyl coA dehydrogenase uses blank as the electron acceptor in the ETC
FAD
complex of ETC accepts electrons from blank
nadh
cytochrome c is a blank electron carrier
mobile
cytochrome c has a blank prostethic group
heme
cytochrome c has a more blank reduction potential than oxygen
negative (.32 vs .8)
cytochrome c has a blank affinity for electrons than complex 1
higher
dnp reduces the activity of blank
complex 5
fungus metabolite antimycin A blocks blank
electron flow
muscle glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in glycogen breakdown and is activated by blank during sprinting
AMP
glucose 6 phosphate allosterically activates which enzyme
glycogen synthase
inappropriate release of calcium from sr of muscle causes increased blank breakdown, activation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase, and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
glycogen
adenylate cyclase is an enzyme involved in blank
glucose homeostasis
adenylate cyclase plays a role in muscle blank breadown
glycogen
adenylate cyclase produces blank from ATP
cAMP
