Lec 6 - Enzymes / Inhibitors Flashcards
each enzyme has a blank range of substrates and produces a blank product
limited, specific
enzymes generally work by breaking blank
covalent bonds
intermediates of chemical reactions are blank
very unstable
unstable state is aka
reactive/transition state
enzyme blank transition state
stabilizes
enzyme lowers blank
energy barrier (activation energy)
enzyme has no effect on blank energy change of the reaction
overall
enzymes increase blank of the reaction but the equilibrium constant is blank
rate, unchanged
large amount of blank in in active site will not allow a reaction to occur
water
a good drug looks like the blank so enzymes can react with it
transition state
enzyme needs to be blank if it is to envelope the substrate during formation of the complex
flexible
by enveloping the substrate, the enzyme can control the blank in which reaction occurs
environment
enzymes can have blank substrates
more than one
trypsin is an enzyme that cleaves after
Lys, Arg
chymotrypsin cleaves after
Phe, Tyr, Trp
many enzymes require blank for complete enzymatic activity
cofactors
cofactors are blank enzymes
not
cofactors are generally heat blank
stable
three classes of cofactors
essential ion, metabolic, vitamin derived
more than one quarter of enzymes require blank
metallic cation (essential ion)
enzymes can have blank cofactors
multiple
cofactors fall into one or two classes
prosthetic groups, coenzymes
prosthetic groups remain bound to enzyme throughout blank
catalysis
prosthetic groups require this at the end
regeneration
changes lactate to pyruvate
lactate dehydrogenase
apoenzyme is blank
inactive
holoenzyme is blank
more active
this converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate
pyruvate carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase is a blank due to a blank bond
prosthetic, covalent
pyruvate carboxylase regenerates by the transfer of blank
CO2
biotin is a blank
prosthetic group
atp in the pyruvate carboxylase is a blank
coenzyem
a catalyst speeds up the blank of an equilibrium
attainment
a catalyst may be changed during a part of the reaction but must be blank throughout the overall process otherwise it must be blank
unchanged, regenerated
distinct enzymes that catalyze the same biochemical reaction
isozymes
hemoglobin is a blank because it exists in two forms in adult RBCs, different fetal forms, and as myoglobin in muscle
isozyme
isozyme patterns help determine the origin of blank
tissue
enzymes usually work at blank and blank pH
body temp, neutral
