T4: Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are the brain abnormalities associated with Schzophrenia?
Enlarged ventricles
- Decreased blood flow
- Decreased brain volume
Prefrontal hypo-metabolism
-Less activity, especially left side
What is the Neurodegenerative hypothesis?
Suggests that symptoms are seen due to reduced brain volume leading to loss of function
What is the Dopamine Paradox in Schizophrenia?
- UNDER activity of Dopamine -> negative symptoms
- OVER activity of Dopamine -> positive symptoms
What symptoms did first generation Anti-psychotics reduce?
Positive symptoms
What were the side effects of first generation Anti-psychotics?
- Tardive dyskinesia = stiffness of limbs, involuntary movements
- Neuroeptic malignant syndrome = allergy to medication
What symptoms do second generation Anti-psychotics reduce?
Both positive and negative symptoms
What are the two approaches to cognitive treatment for Schizophrenia?
- Cognitive Rehabilitation
- Modify under/over attention
- Training patient to apply appropriate levels of attention to stimuli - Cognitive Restructuring
- Challenge delusional beliefs
- Psycho-education
What is the diagnostic criteria for a Manic Episode?
ONE WEEK of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
- THREE (changes) of the following:
- > Grandiose self esteem
- > Lower need for sleep
- > Overly talkative
- > Racing thoughts
- > Easily distracted
- > Increased activity/agitation
- > Engagement in high risk activities
- Impairment to functioning, hospitalisation, psychotic features
What is the diagnostic criteria for a Hypomanic episode?
- FOUR DAYS of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
- Mood disturbance DOESN’T critically impair ability to work/maintain social responsibilities
- Responses are uncharacterised and observable by others
- Not euthymia (base line)
What does BDP 1 require?
- Lifetime disorder of major depression
- Lifetime disorder of mania
What does BPD 2 require?
- Lifetime disorder of major depression
- Hypomanic episode
What is cyclothymic disorder?
- Persistant depressive disorder
- Hypomania
What combination of neurotransmitters give mania?
Low serotonin and high epinephrine
What combination of neurotransmitters give depression?
Low serotonin and low epinephrine
What are the structural abnormalities in the brain leading to BPD?
- Overly active striatum (reactions to rewards, overly active)
- Deficits in membranes
- Basal ganglia and cerebellum affected
