T2: Lecture 4

Question 1

What 4 things influence how social development is acheived?

Answer 1

1. Social Learning Theory
2. Cognitive Development Theory
3. Parents
4. Peer Relationships

Question 2

What is the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 2

• Learning to do things by watching others do them

- Deferred/Immediate imitation

Question 3

What is the Cognitive Development Theory?

Answer 3

• Cognition drives social
• To be able to imitate, must understand actions first
• Includes TOM and Egocentrism

Question 4

What do parents do to influence SD?

Answer 4

-Teach right from wrong and how to interact with others

Question 5

What are the two dimensions of parenting?

Answer 5

1. Demanding=expectations for a child

2. Responsiveness=how in tune they are with the child

Question 6

What parenting style does High Demanding and High Responsiveness give?

Answer 6

Authoritive

Question 7

What parenting style does High Demanding and Low Responsiveness give?

Answer 7

Authoritarian

Question 8

What parenting style does Low Demanding and High Responsiveness give?

Answer 8

Permissive

Question 9

What parenting style does Low Demanding and Low Responsiveness give?

Answer 9

Disengaged

Question 10

At what age do peer relationships form?

Answer 10

Age 2 friendships form, tend to not interact but play next to each other

Question 11

What are the two components of Emotional Development?

Answer 11

1. Understanding others’ Feelings

2. Emotional Regulation

Question 12

What portrays basic emotion?

Answer 12

Facial Expressions

Question 13

At what age can children recognise facial expression and vocal tone not matching?

Answer 13

6 months old

Question 14

Is emotional regulation innate?

Answer 14

No it has to be learnt

Question 15

How do children emotionally regulate?

Answer 15

• Babies rely on parents

- Children find strategies

Question 16

What is moral behaviour?

Answer 16

Behaviour conforming to generally accepted rules

Question 17

What is moral behaviour in children initially driven by?

Answer 17

Consequences

Question 18

How does the Principle of Minimal Efficiency apply to consequences?

Answer 18

We don’t need to employ really harsh consequences to get faster internalisation of the moral rules

Question 19

What is moral behaviour in children eventually driven by?

Answer 19

Learning to do the right thing (proactive/empathy)

Question 20

What are the 5 stages in the progression of empathy?

Answer 20

1. Empathetic distress
2. Offering Help
3. Offering what they would want in that situation
4. Offering what the person would want
5. Realising helping others can disadvantage themselves

Question 21

What did Kohlber’s theory do?

Answer 21

• Looking at morality of boys 10-17

- Reasoning of choice got them classified into levels

Question 22

What are the three levels in Kohlber’s Theory?

Answer 22

1. Pre-Conventional Level
2. Conventional Level
3. Post-Conventional Level

Question 23

What is the Pre-Conventional Level based on?

Answer 23

That behaviour is based on external sanctions e.g. authority/punishment

Question 24

Stage 1 (Pre-Conventional Level) shows

Answer 24

• Morality of punishment and obedience

- >Children obey authority and avoid punishment

Question 25

Stage 2 (Pre-Conventional Level) shows

Answer 25

- Morality of naive instrumental hedonism | - >Behaviours guided egocentrically by pleasantness of consequences to them

Question 26

What is the Conventional Level include?

Answer 26

Includes understanding that the social system has interest in peoples behaviour

Question 27

Stage 3 (Conventional Level) shows

Answer 27

- Morality of maintaining good relations | - >children want to be regarded as good people

Question 28

Stage 4 (Conventional Level) shows

Answer 28

- Morality of maintaining social order | - >social framework maintains order and must be obeyed

Question 29

What is the Post-Conventional Level state?

Answer 29

Moral rules have underlying principles that apply to all situations and societies

Question 30

Stage 5 (Post-Conventional Level) shows

Answer 30

Morality of social contracts | ->Individual rights can overtake laws

Question 31

Stage 6 (Post-Conventional Level) shows

Answer 31

Morality of universal ethical principles | ->Internal laws

Question 32

What are the 4 things to consider when evaluating Kohlber's Theory?

Answer 32

1. Effect of wording changes 2. Different scenario=different results 3. Cultural and gender bias 4. Correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct