T2: Lecture 4 Flashcards
What 4 things influence how social development is acheived?
- Social Learning Theory
- Cognitive Development Theory
- Parents
- Peer Relationships
What is the Social Learning Theory?
- Learning to do things by watching others do them
- Deferred/Immediate imitation
What is the Cognitive Development Theory?
- Cognition drives social
- To be able to imitate, must understand actions first
- Includes TOM and Egocentrism
What do parents do to influence SD?
-Teach right from wrong and how to interact with others
What are the two dimensions of parenting?
- Demanding=expectations for a child
2. Responsiveness=how in tune they are with the child
What parenting style does High Demanding and High Responsiveness give?
Authoritive
What parenting style does High Demanding and Low Responsiveness give?
Authoritarian
What parenting style does Low Demanding and High Responsiveness give?
Permissive
What parenting style does Low Demanding and Low Responsiveness give?
Disengaged
At what age do peer relationships form?
Age 2 friendships form, tend to not interact but play next to each other
What are the two components of Emotional Development?
- Understanding others’ Feelings
2. Emotional Regulation
What portrays basic emotion?
Facial Expressions
At what age can children recognise facial expression and vocal tone not matching?
6 months old
Is emotional regulation innate?
No it has to be learnt
How do children emotionally regulate?
- Babies rely on parents
- Children find strategies
What is moral behaviour?
Behaviour conforming to generally accepted rules
What is moral behaviour in children initially driven by?
Consequences
How does the Principle of Minimal Efficiency apply to consequences?
We don’t need to employ really harsh consequences to get faster internalisation of the moral rules
What is moral behaviour in children eventually driven by?
Learning to do the right thing (proactive/empathy)
What are the 5 stages in the progression of empathy?
- Empathetic distress
- Offering Help
- Offering what they would want in that situation
- Offering what the person would want
- Realising helping others can disadvantage themselves
What did Kohlber’s theory do?
- Looking at morality of boys 10-17
- Reasoning of choice got them classified into levels
What are the three levels in Kohlber’s Theory?
- Pre-Conventional Level
- Conventional Level
- Post-Conventional Level
What is the Pre-Conventional Level based on?
That behaviour is based on external sanctions e.g. authority/punishment
Stage 1 (Pre-Conventional Level) shows
- Morality of punishment and obedience
- >Children obey authority and avoid punishment
Stage 2 (Pre-Conventional Level) shows
- Morality of naive instrumental hedonism
- >Behaviours guided egocentrically by pleasantness of consequences to them
What is the Conventional Level include?
Includes understanding that the social system has interest in peoples behaviour
Stage 3 (Conventional Level) shows
- Morality of maintaining good relations
- >children want to be regarded as good people
Stage 4 (Conventional Level) shows
- Morality of maintaining social order
- >social framework maintains order and must be obeyed
What is the Post-Conventional Level state?
Moral rules have underlying principles that apply to all situations and societies
Stage 5 (Post-Conventional Level) shows
Morality of social contracts
->Individual rights can overtake laws
Stage 6 (Post-Conventional Level) shows
Morality of universal ethical principles
->Internal laws
What are the 4 things to consider when evaluating Kohlber’s Theory?
- Effect of wording changes
- Different scenario=different results
- Cultural and gender bias
- Correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct
