T4: Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is anxiety?
Apprehension about an anticipated issue
What is fear/panic?
Apprehensive response to immediate threat/danger
-Instinctive response
What is Yerkes-Dodson Law
- They argue that level of anxiety may have indications of performance
- As anxiety increases, so does performance. Until reaching the optimal arousal level
- As anxiety continues to increase, performance is debilitated
What is Generalised Anxiety Disorder characterised by?
- Apprehensive expectation
- Excessive/irrational/disproportionate worry
- Is generalised and persistent. Not situational
- Individuals find difficult to control worry, feel distressed due to their worry
What is the main feature of Panic Disorder?
Discrete period of intense fear in the absence of real danger
What does Panic Disorder ellicit?
- Physiological symptoms
- Sudden onset, builds rapidly
- Not predictable or confined to situations therefore individuals avoid areas of potential triggers
What can individuals with Panic Disorder also develop?
Agoraphobia
What is the diagnostic criteria for Agoraphobia?
Fear/anxiety about at least 2:
- Using public transport
- standing in line or being in crowd
- being in open/enclosed spaces
- outside of house alone
What is Social Anxiety?
- Fear/anxiety about social situations where individual exposed to possible scrutiny by others
- Fear they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated by others
What are Specific Phobias evoked by?
- Specific circumstances or situations
- Fear is out of proportion to situation and beyond voluntary control
What is a characteristic behavioural response of individuals with Specific Phobias?
Avoidance
What are the common features of Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders?
Repetitive thought and intense behaviours which cause distress, feel uncomfortable, and are time intensive
What are the three Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders?
- OCD
- BDD: Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Hoarding Disorder
What are obsessions?
Intrusive/reoccurring thoughts/images/impulses that are persistent/uncontrollable/irrational
What are the most common obsessions?
- Contamination
- Body problems
- Religion
- Symmetry/order
What are compulsions?
-Repetitive/excessive behaviours/mental acts a person is driven to perform to decrease anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or prevent expected consequences
What does the DSM-5 criteria say for PTSD?
- Exposure to actual/threatened death/serious injury/sexual violence
- Persistence of 1+ intrusive symptoms (distressing memories etc)
- Negative alterations in cognition and mood (amnesia, detachments, negative belief)
- Alterations in arousal and reactivity (irritable, reckless, hyper-vigilant)
- Duration must be OVER 1 MONTH with significant distress/impairment
What are the shared risk factors for these disorders?
- Fear conditioning
- Genetics
- Personality
- Cognitive ( e.g. automatic negative thoughts)
- Neurobiology (e.g. PSTD neural paths)
What are the treatments for these disorders?
- Relaxation
- Cognitive restructuring
- Exposure therapy
- Behavioural experiments challenging the hypothesis, habituate, then learn
What happens in exposure therapy?
- Patient is exposed in prolonged/consistent fearful situation
- Either in vivo or imagination
- Sympathetic desensitisation through relaxation strategies
- Very effective
