t- cocaine amphetamine methylphenidate

Question 1

absorption

Answer 1

amphetamines used medically are always given orally

when used recreationally can be smoked, snorted or injected

Question 2

methamphetamine

Answer 2

highest potential for abuse- BBB, not degraded by MAO and is therefor more potent and faster acting

Question 3

cathinone

Answer 3

chewing leaves of Khat shrub
absorbped fast into muscous membrane and stomach 
euphoric effects 
methcaninone- snorted or IV 
- less potent so requires higher doses

Question 4

coca–> cocaine

Answer 4

sulfate paste- first, lime water and kerosine
HCL salt- KPO4, kerosine, alcohol
impurities
free base or crystalized crack- has to be smoked

Question 5

distribution

Answer 5

all cross BBB and distribute to organs
amphetamines- highest concentration in kidney and lungs
peaks in 9 mins
cocaine- concentrates more in the brain and peaks faster (4.5 mins)
methylphenidate- peaks in 1 hour orally or 8-20 mins injected

Question 6

elminiation

Answer 6

amphetamine reabsorption depends on pH of urine
acidic urine decreases half life and basic prolongs
methamphetamine is not altered by repeated use meaning that it may be pharmakodynamic
cocaine- half life only 60 mins

Question 7

monoamine release

Answer 7

MAO and COMT affect monoamine release
reabsorption achieved by monamine transporters MAT
MATs are Na/Cl dependant substrate specific membrane transporters
VMAT packages monamines in vesicles

Question 8

cocaine on DAT (MAT and VMAT)

Answer 8

competitive reuptake inhibitors or ereuptake blockers Binds to receptor site
leaves dopamine in synaptic cleft and exert larger effect on post synaptic neuron

Question 9

bupropion

Answer 9

similar potency to cocaine and methylphenidate to DA system but doesnt increase drug liking and may produce adverse affects

Question 10

cocaine as DAT inverse agonist

Answer 10

modify the conformation of DAT in a different way
binds to a different binding site than dopamine
triggers outward conformation change that allows reverse transport of dopamine into the cleft

Question 11

amphetamine as a competitive transporter DAT NET and SERT

Answer 11

• bind to same site as monoamine, most potent inhibitors of NET - increasing extracellular concentrations
• also enter vesicles through VMAT preventing transmitters from being packaged causing transmitter to be released into the cleft
• competitive substrate releasing agent- dispalce monoamine from presynaptic neuron
• MAO inhibitor

Question 12

cathinone as a competitive antagonist

Answer 12

strongly binds to NET and DAT but not SERT
structurally similar to amphetamines
2-3x less potent

Question 13

psychomotor stimulant effects on human body

Answer 13

elevate heart rate, bp, increase temperature, vasodilation, bronchodilation, decrease food consumption (not well understood)

Question 14

punding

Answer 14

repetitive performance of some act for an etended period of time
- users ground up amphetamine like drug and injected for a rush

Question 15

amphetamine subjective effects

Answer 15

positive: clear mind, high spirits, decrease in fatigue, increase in energy, desire to accomplish things
negative: anxiety
intense feelings of euphoria or rushes

Question 16

discrimination

Answer 16

participants could discriminate amphetamines between benzos but not between eachother

Question 17

effects on sleep, sensation and performance

Answer 17

• prevent fatigue, increase alertness, energy and attention can cause insomnia
• lower threshold and increase visual/auditory acuity
• increase athletic abilitys, decrease driving ability

Question 18

ADHD treatment

Answer 18

drugs target DA and NE which are dysfuncitonal
negative feedback reduces DA and dampens DA signalling
also dampen background noise & amplify task related

Question 19

run abstininece cycle

Answer 19

cocaine taken in large quantities than a period of abstinince

Question 20

harmful effects

Answer 20

cocaine- mild jaundice from liver damage, binges
methyl- headache, dizziness, pain, naesua (non life threatening)
methamphetamine- much more dangerous

Question 21

amphetamine neurotoxicity

Answer 21

brain damage to many different areas - dopamine and serotonin related

Question 22

monoamine psychosis

Answer 22

high doses over extended periods of time can elicit psychosis
indistinguishible froms schizophrenia
formication- bugs crawling all over

Question 23

sex drive - cocaine and khat

Answer 23

low doses may increase sexual pleasure
high doses may decrease amd disrupt
KHAT- inhitially increases but after continued use decraeses

Question 24

stimulant overdose

Answer 24

coke- initial excitment followed by severe headche nausea vomitting and convulsions
meth- dilated pupils, shivering, high fever, hypertension
most result from organ failure, pulmonary congestion CV hemorrhage or heart failure

Question 25

tolerance

Answer 25

stimulants show acute tolerance
coke out: loses ability to cause rushes and improve mood
no tolerance to cardiovascular effects

Question 26

withdrawal

Answer 26

coke- high followed by a crash but not typical withdrawal

meth- lack of sleep and deficits

Question 27

pharmacotherapies

Answer 27

modafil
buproprion
methylphenidate 
oral d-amphetamine
naltrexone

Question 28

vaccine

Answer 28

stimulate immune system to produce antibodies to bind to cocaine molecules
in stages of testing