drug tolerance Flashcards
what is tolerance
desensitization to the drug effects
what are factors in tolerance
repeated exposure developmental changes psychological state - expectancy/boredom drug type- toxicity body- selective tolerance
pharmacodynamic tolerance
“functional” based on physiological response ex. # of receptors or neurotransmitters
- protracted - several exposures reduces # of receptors
- acute - occurs after one exposure
pharmacokinetic tolerance
“dispositional” changes in metabolism as a result of constant concentrations w/in the body
- enzyme specific proliferation - cost to body
- elimination from body - stress
cross tolerance
tolerance that extends to a similar drug - with respect to SOA and enzymes
environment dependent tolerance
a conditioned response - psychological association that results in physiological readiness
- more likely to OD in a strange environment
sensitization
increased response to drug despite prolonged use
no pharmacokinetic or dynamic response - irreversible
behavioural tolerance
adjustment and compensation as a result of experience
self-awareness or determination
ability to mask current state
placebo effect
effect in the absence of treatment
how does expectancy affect placebos
each individual has different beliefs, attitudes and experiences
placebos are more likely to be effective when the user believes they will be
dopamine reward prediction
spike at the site of juice
dopaminergic spike happens towards light- predictor takes most of dopamine
no spike in dopamine to juice- expected reward
extinction - depletion of dopamine after decouple response
what does dopamine reward prediction explain
why people are feeling better after placebo
expectancy (learned) to associate treatment with outcome
