t- caffeine

Question 1

what was the first caffeine containing soda

Answer 1

coca-cola
- sourced from Kola nut
allowed around 71mg (Jolt Cola)

Question 2

energy drinks

Answer 2

advertise as low caffeine but add other stimulants

ex. milk thistle, ginseng, green tea, St Johns wort

Question 3

GRAS

Answer 3

generally regarded as safe

Question 4

absorption- orally

Answer 4

bases- when dissolved in acid highly lipid soluble (low pKa)
absorpbed in digestive tract when taken orally

Question 5

absorption- medical reasons

Answer 5

given as a salt- more readily dissolves

ex. aminophylline is used for asthma (dilate bronch)

Question 6

distribution

Answer 6

reaches all organs at varying speeds
stomach, kidney, liver, lung, brain, skeletal muscle
crosses the bbb

Question 7

elimination

Answer 7

1% excreted 99% metabolized in liver by cytochrome p450 into paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline\
peak at 6-8 hours

Question 8

genetics on caffeine metabolism

Answer 8

CYP1A2*1A is rapid caffeine metabolizing

CYPA2*1F is slow caffeine metabolizing

Question 9

factors that affect CYP1A2 enzyme

Answer 9

slow- alcohol and grapefruit juice
speed up- broccoli
hormones

Question 10

newborns metabolism

Answer 10

immature liver and CYP1A2 enzyme
excrete around 85% of caffine
half life up to 100 hours
develops around 7-9 months

Question 11

non-human species

Answer 11

uses different enzymes, different metabolites, different half lifes

Question 12

neuropharmacology of methylxanthine

Answer 12

caffeine- adenosine receptor blocker - A1 and A2
metabolites- adenosine receptor inhibitor
normally inhibit Ach GABA, glutamate, NE, 5HT and DA
concentrated in dorsal striatum and NA

Question 13

rewarding effects of caffeine

Answer 13

through interacting with adenosoine caffine impacts functioning of NT systems modulates levels of DA (ventral stiatum) results in enhanced release of DA

Question 14

receptor mosaic

Answer 14

2 or more receptors are attached to eachother and influence anothers operation

Question 15

headaches

Answer 15

caffeine dilates cerebral blood vessels and can alleviate headache pain

Question 16

abstininece syndrome

Answer 16

withdrawl condition of caffeine marked by fatigue anxiety and headache
related to dilation of BV and enhanced inhibitory actions of adenosine on release of transmitter

Question 17

subjective effects

Answer 17

negative- anxiety, tension, nerves
positive- well being, energy, motivation and confidence
more likely to see positive in non caffeine users and at low doses

Question 18

taurine and glucose

Answer 18

taurine- counteract stimulatory impact on mood
reduce caffeine withdrawal
glucose- counteract effect of caffeine on hostility and increase tension
increase sustained memory and attneion

Question 19

cognitive performance

Answer 19

subjectively feel they did better but actullay did not

for regular coffee users may be return-to-baseline rather than enhancement

Question 20

caffeine on sleep

Answer 20

can produce insomnia and impact regular sleeping patterns (reduces REM which impacts memory consolidation)

Question 21

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Answer 21

sleep inducing center
building of adenosine triggers the sleep center
caffeine blocks this activation by blocking adenosine receptors and keeps you awake longer

Question 22

cardiac disease

Answer 22

conflicting results- not always measured properly , preperation, genetics (slow metabolizing gene shows CV)

Question 23

adverse consequences of energy drinks/shots

Answer 23

large consumption can be medically hazardous
can be consumed quickly- not hot or carbonated
dont have to state caffine if naturally occuring or not added

Question 24

lethal effects

Answer 24

on its own caffine is not easy to overdose
combined with alcohol or drugs it can be dangerous
taurine- increases BP and cardiac muscle contractions

Question 25

use disorder

Answer 25

APA does not classify as a use disorder

WHO includes caffeine dependant syndrome as a classification

Question 26

tolerance/withdrawal

Answer 26

upregulation of number and sensitivity of adenosine receptors
withdrawal is recognized in DSM-5