effects, dose response curves and interactions Flashcards
what is the drug effect
subjective
depends on the purpose of drug intake
what is primary effect
the reason you took the drug, targets sight of action
what is the secondary effect
an effect caused by the drug that targets elsewhere from the SOA
what is a side effect
an effect caused by the metabolite of the drug that targets elsewhere from the SOA
what is prodrug effect
an effect caused by the metabolite at the sight of action that is a precursor to the drug
what is enzyme inhibition
drug B blocks the enzyme
is additive for the drug b/c the drug A won’t be broken down- large effect if drug causes
antagonistic to the metabolites because they aren’t created- small effect if metabolites cause
what is enzyme induction
drug B helps the enzyme
is antagonistic for the drug b/c it is broken down- small effect if drug causes
is additive to the metabolites b/c more are created- larger effect if metabolites cause
what causes enzyme inhibition
the enzyme is physically blocked or it decomposes
can be dangerous because body needs enzymes
what causes enzyme induction
production is facilitated
enzyme becomes “active”
what is potency (relative)
the amount of drug required to produce a given effect
what is the relative potency between brain/liver
drugs are less potent in the central nervous system
brain needs same amount for less effect
what is intrinsic activity (relative)
the efficacy compared to the drug with “maximum” efficacy
what is efficacy (absolute)
the max response achievable for a specific dose
what is effectiveness (absolute)
the ability to produce a given effect
what is the therapeutic window
level of drug as a function of time - important for maintaining activity of medication over time
what is the therapeutic index
LD50/ED50 - how safe a drug is
want a HIGH LD and LOW ED = large number
what is the protective index
TD50/ED50 - how safe a drug is for human consumption
TI for humans, doesn’t look at lethality- looks at discomfort
what is the cecertain safety factor
LD1/ED99 -how safe a drug is
drug interactions
one drug affects the efficacy of another
what factors are involved in drug interactions
absorption - motility/solubility
transport- toxicity
metabolization - enzyme induction or inhibition
what is the purpose of using avocados as poison control
very high in fat- drugs attach themselves to fat and hit intestines, too much fat enters and body will release
what is pharmacological antagonism
diminished or reduced effect in the presence of another drug, can be competitive or non competitive
what is competitive binding
drug B binds to the receptor sites of drug A
need more of drug A to achieve max result
what is non-competitive binding
drug B binds to an allosteric site of the receptor
what is physiological antagonism
a substance that produces an effect that counteracts drug but does not bind to receptor site or affect drug itself ex. Tylenol constricts vasculature which affects BP, caffeine increases BP! both can cure migraine
synergism
the additive effect of a drug is greater than the sum
potentiation
drug with no effect becomes extremely effective in the presence of another drug ex. taking an upper and a downer
metabolites interact and may become toxic
