anti-depressants

Question 1

anti-depressants

Answer 1

drugs used to treat mood disorders, OCD/eating disorders and chronic pain (emotional aspects of pain)

Question 2

how are anti-depressants different from stimulants

Answer 2

they target the brain and not the parasympathetic system

therefor they affect mood not arousal

Question 3

how do antidepressants act

Answer 3

through second messengers and mRNA factors

alleviate disorder

Question 4

what are the 3 aspects of MDD

Answer 4

1. biological origin
2. holistic
3. comparative, non-situational

Question 5

MDD definition

Answer 5

illness that affects how you feel, think and behave causing persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities

Question 6

what group does MDD target

Answer 6

monoamines
serotonin- anxiety/focus
norepinepherine- attention/ alertness
dopamine- motivation/reward

Question 7

what is the permissive hypothesis

Answer 7

low serotonin causes low norepinephrine/dopamine

Question 8

how were anti depressants discovered

Answer 8

as a mistake when trying to make medication for tuberculosis
depression was discovered after- as a kind of mistake

Question 9

diathesis

Answer 9

differences in serotonin/dopamine genes and/or schematics

Question 10

schematics

Answer 10

perspectives people have-

studies show emergence of depression after stressful life events based on genetics

Question 11

genetics

Answer 11

studies shown heritability of depression

Question 12

response to stress

Answer 12

schemas emerge in response to stress

withdrawal, lack of sunlight, post partum and drug abuse can induce depression like symptoms symptoms

Question 13

how is depression best accounted for

Answer 13

the diathesis stress model

Question 14

what are first generation antidepressants

Answer 14

monoamine oxidase inhibitors:
- enzyme that breaks down monoamines 
tricyclics:
- block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine at synapse 
can cause heart problems

Question 15

what is the cheese reaction

Answer 15

enzyme also breaks down tyramine

causes elevated bp and stroke

Question 16

what are second generation antidepressants

Answer 16

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
reduces cardio side effects
ex. prozac was designed

Question 17

third generation antidepressants

Answer 17

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)

block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinepherine in brain

Question 18

why are the effectiveness of antidepressants questioned

Answer 18

may not truly understand the mechanism
publication bias- only positive results published
suicidal ideation increases with motivation before mood

Question 19

sympathomimetic stimulants

Answer 19

amphetamine like substances that induce euphoria but don’t necessarily stimulate mood (make people hyper but not happy)

Question 20

oxytocin

Answer 20

social signalling hormone- rewards inter personal behaviour

experimental: used with children in hospitals (puppies, superheroes)

Question 21

heterocyclics

Answer 21

huge negative side effects
block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
block dopamine transporter
stimulate release of norepinephrine: cardiology
block post-synaptic histamine and Ach receptors

Question 22

problems with heterocyclic

Answer 22

1. cardiovascular irregularities
2. down regulation of norepinephrine
3. more toxic than other antidepressants
4. more sever side effects

Question 23

discontinuation syndrome

Answer 23

tendency for patients to suddenly stop taking medication after four weeks, resulting in re-emergence of symptoms

Question 24

brain shivers

Answer 24

brain numbing- can be a side effect of antidepressants

Question 25

how is discontinuation different from withdrawl

Answer 25

patients dont exhibit drug-seeking behavior
not compulsive/out of control
symptoms aren’t tolerance-induced (pre-existing ailments)

Question 26

glucocorticoid theory

Answer 26

induces cortisol release
problem- too much hormone produced
treatment- antagonizing glucocorticoid receptors

Question 27

BDNF theory

Answer 27

BDNF facilitates neurogenesis of the hippocampus

problem: too little of the chemical produced
treatment: increase BDNF production