Superficial and Osseous Lower Limb

Question 1

The subcutaneous tissue lies deep from lower extremity ____ and superficial from lower extremity ___ ___

Answer 1

skin; deep fascia

Question 2

Subcutaneous fascia consists of ____ connective tissue that contains variable amounts of fat, cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, superficial lymph vessels and nodes

Answer 2

loose

Question 3

At the ____, the subcutaneous tissue loses some of its fat and blend with the deep fascia - although, fat resumes distally

Answer 3

knee

Question 4

What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue?

Answer 4

insulation, storage of fat

Question 5

True or false? Superficial veins are located superficial from deep fascia

Answer 5

true

Question 6

True or false? Only deep veins have valves

Answer 6

false; both superficial and deep have valves but deep veins do have more

note: inferior veins in general have more valves

Question 7

Describe the valves found in veins

Answer 7

cup-like endothelial flap - that when full, occludes the lumen of the vein, making flow unidirectional (toward the heart)

Question 8

Multiple valves partition the blood not shorter segments within the vein, fighting gravity and promoting the “____ ____”

Answer 8

musculovenous pump

Question 9

The following describes what vein:

Formed by its tributaries, the medial portion of the foot’s dorsal venous arch, and dorsal vein of the great toe

Answer 9

great saphenous vein

Question 10

Describe the route of the great saphenous vein

Answer 10

it ascends anterior to the medial malleolus and passes relatively posterior from the medial femoral condyle

Question 11

The great saphenous vein anastomoses freely with veins between it and the ___ ____ vein

Answer 11

small saphenous

Question 12

The great saphenous vein traverses the saphenous opening of the fascia late, emptying to the ____ vein

Answer 12

femoral

Question 13

How many valves does the great saphenous vein have?

Answer 13

10-12, more numerous in leg than in the thigh

Question 14

The small saphenous vein is formed from what?

Answer 14

the lateral portion of the foot’s dorsal venous arch, and vein of the little toe

Question 15

Describe the rout of the small saphenous vein

Answer 15

it ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus and passes along the lateral border of the achilles tendon

Question 16

The small saphenous vein ascends between the heads of ___

Answer 16

gastrocnemius

Question 17

What vein does the saphenous vein empty into?

Answer 17

popliteal

Question 18

Great and small saphenous veins have numerous perforating veins. Describe what these veins do.

Answer 18

shunt blood from superficial veins, across deep fascia, to deep veins

Question 19

The perforating veins from the great and small saphenous veins have valves which only allow flow from ___ to ____

Answer 19

superficial; deep

Question 20

Perforating veins compress with ___ ____, further preventing blood flowing from the deep to superficial veins

Answer 20

muscle contraction

note: this process is part of the “musculovenous pump”

Question 21

Most lymph drains via ___ lymph nodes that follow ___ veins to ____ inguinal nodes around the great saphenous and horizontal group inferior from the inguinal ligament

Answer 21

superficial; superficial; superficial

Question 22

Some lymph vessels follow the small saphenous to ___ nodes

Answer 22

popliteal

Question 23

There are also deep lymph vessels, following the deep inguinal nodes. True or false?

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Dermatomes retain the segmental pattern but is distorted due to limb ___ and ___ rotation during fetal development

Answer 24

lengthening; medial

Question 25

In regards to cutaneous nerve distributions, the lateral superior thigh skin is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 25

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 26

What is Meralgia Paresthetica?

Answer 26

the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve gets impinged as it passes deep from the inguinal ligament, often due to obesity, or tight clothing and can cause pain

Question 27

How are cutaneous nerve distributions different from dermatomes?

Answer 27

cutaneous nerve distributions are patch-like geographic areas across the limb - each being served by a different cutaneous nerve

Question 28

The larges, longest, heaviest bone in the body is the ___

Answer 28

femur

Question 29

The head of the femur has a fovea for the attachment of what ligament?

Answer 29

ligament o the head of the femur aka ligamentum teres femoris

Question 30

What part of the femur is the narrowest?

Answer 30

the neck | note: common fracture site

Question 31

The neck of the femur is angled ____ from the trochanters, relatively perpindicular from the acetabulum to allow greater freedom of movement

Answer 31

superomedially

Question 32

The shaft of the femur is angled ____ from the trochanters so that the distal end is positioned near our center of gravity

Answer 32

inferomedially

Question 33

the angle created by the neck of the femur versus the shaft is called what?

Answer 33

the angle of inclination

Question 34

Where is the apex of the angle of inclination located? What does this create?

Answer 34

trochanters; leverage for hip abductors and rotators inserting on or near the greater trochanter

Question 35

What is a disadvantage of the angle of inclination in the femur?

Answer 35

it puts great stress on the bone near the apex and predisposes to fracture, especially in old age when this angle is its greatest

Question 36

What type of movement do the torsion angle (or angle of declination) and the angle of inclination allow?

Answer 36

rotary movements between the obliquely-oriented head and acetabulum to be translated to the direct flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, etc.

Question 37

This bone is the second largest bone in the body and transmits the weight of all superior from it onto the talus

Answer 37

tibia

Question 38

Proximally, the tibia has wide medial and lateral condyles. The articular surfaces of these condyles - which, along with the intercondylar eminence, comprise the ___ ___

Answer 38

tibial plateau

Question 39

Between the two articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is the intercondylar eminence, which is mainly composed of what?

Answer 39

medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles (attachment sites for menisci and cruciate ligaments)

Question 40

Gerdy's tubercle is located where? What is it an attachment site for?

Answer 40

anterolaterally at the lateral condyle of the tibia; iliotibial band

Question 41

The anterior border is subcutaneous throughout its length, as is the medial surface. These are commonly referred to as what?

Answer 41

shin bones

Question 42

What is the tibial tuberosity the attachment site for?

Answer 42

patellar ligament

Question 43

This bone is not weight-bearing but serves as muscle attachment and helps form the ankle joint

Answer 43

fibula

Question 44

The fibula lies posterolateral from the tibia and is firmly attached to it by the ____ ____

Answer 44

tibiofibular syndesmosis | note: this includes the interosseous membrane along the shaft, as well as additional ligaments more distally

Question 45

fibers of the interosseous membrane in the tibiofibular syndesmosis are angled to resists ____ pull upon the fibula

Answer 45

inferior

Question 46

Proximally is the fibular head. This has an apex, attachment for the ___ ____ and ____ ____ ligament

Answer 46

biceps femoris; lateral collateral

Question 47

What structure is located on the distal fibula?

Answer 47

lateral malleolus

Question 48

The body of the talus rests atop the ____

Answer 48

calcaneous

Question 49

The head of the talus is anterior to the body and neck of the talus and articulates with which bone?

Answer 49

navicular

Question 50

What is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?

Answer 50

calcaneus

Question 51

The posterior part of the calcaneus has a large calcaneal ____, the medial portion does what?

Answer 51

tuberosity; transmits weight toward the ground

Question 52

Medially, on the calcaneus, is a shelf-like projection to help support the talus called the _____ _____

Answer 52

sustenaculum tali

Question 53

What are the midfoot bones?

Answer 53

navicular, cuboid, and cuniforms

Question 54

What are the forefoot bones?

Answer 54

metatarsals and phalanges