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Anatomy > Superficial and Osseous Lower Limb > Flashcards

Superficial and Osseous Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

The subcutaneous tissue lies deep from lower extremity ____ and superficial from lower extremity ___ ___

A

skin; deep fascia

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2
Q

Subcutaneous fascia consists of ____ connective tissue that contains variable amounts of fat, cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, superficial lymph vessels and nodes

A

loose

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3
Q

At the ____, the subcutaneous tissue loses some of its fat and blend with the deep fascia - although, fat resumes distally

A

knee

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4
Q

What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue?

A

insulation, storage of fat

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5
Q

True or false? Superficial veins are located superficial from deep fascia

A

true

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6
Q

True or false? Only deep veins have valves

A

false; both superficial and deep have valves but deep veins do have more

note: inferior veins in general have more valves

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7
Q

Describe the valves found in veins

A

cup-like endothelial flap - that when full, occludes the lumen of the vein, making flow unidirectional (toward the heart)

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8
Q

Multiple valves partition the blood not shorter segments within the vein, fighting gravity and promoting the “____ ____”

A

musculovenous pump

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9
Q

The following describes what vein:

Formed by its tributaries, the medial portion of the foot’s dorsal venous arch, and dorsal vein of the great toe

A

great saphenous vein

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10
Q

Describe the route of the great saphenous vein

A

it ascends anterior to the medial malleolus and passes relatively posterior from the medial femoral condyle

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11
Q

The great saphenous vein anastomoses freely with veins between it and the ___ ____ vein

A

small saphenous

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12
Q

The great saphenous vein traverses the saphenous opening of the fascia late, emptying to the ____ vein

A

femoral

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13
Q

How many valves does the great saphenous vein have?

A

10-12, more numerous in leg than in the thigh

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14
Q

The small saphenous vein is formed from what?

A

the lateral portion of the foot’s dorsal venous arch, and vein of the little toe

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15
Q

Describe the rout of the small saphenous vein

A

it ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus and passes along the lateral border of the achilles tendon

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16
Q

The small saphenous vein ascends between the heads of ___

A

gastrocnemius

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17
Q

What vein does the saphenous vein empty into?

A

popliteal

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18
Q

Great and small saphenous veins have numerous perforating veins. Describe what these veins do.

A

shunt blood from superficial veins, across deep fascia, to deep veins

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19
Q

The perforating veins from the great and small saphenous veins have valves which only allow flow from ___ to ____

A

superficial; deep

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20
Q

Perforating veins compress with ___ ____, further preventing blood flowing from the deep to superficial veins

A

muscle contraction

note: this process is part of the “musculovenous pump”

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21
Q

Most lymph drains via ___ lymph nodes that follow ___ veins to ____ inguinal nodes around the great saphenous and horizontal group inferior from the inguinal ligament

A

superficial; superficial; superficial

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22
Q

Some lymph vessels follow the small saphenous to ___ nodes

A

popliteal

23
Q

There are also deep lymph vessels, following the deep inguinal nodes. True or false?

A

true

24
Q

Dermatomes retain the segmental pattern but is distorted due to limb ___ and ___ rotation during fetal development

A

lengthening; medial

25
Q

In regards to cutaneous nerve distributions, the lateral superior thigh skin is innervated by what nerve?

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

26
Q

What is Meralgia Paresthetica?

A

the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve gets impinged as it passes deep from the inguinal ligament, often due to obesity, or tight clothing and can cause pain

27
Q

How are cutaneous nerve distributions different from dermatomes?

A

cutaneous nerve distributions are patch-like geographic areas across the limb - each being served by a different cutaneous nerve

28
Q

The larges, longest, heaviest bone in the body is the ___

A

femur

29
Q

The head of the femur has a fovea for the attachment of what ligament?

A

ligament o the head of the femur aka ligamentum teres femoris

30
Q

What part of the femur is the narrowest?

A

the neck

note: common fracture site

31
Q

The neck of the femur is angled ____ from the trochanters, relatively perpindicular from the acetabulum to allow greater freedom of movement

A

superomedially

32
Q

The shaft of the femur is angled ____ from the trochanters so that the distal end is positioned near our center of gravity

A

inferomedially

33
Q

the angle created by the neck of the femur versus the shaft is called what?

A

the angle of inclination

34
Q

Where is the apex of the angle of inclination located? What does this create?

A

trochanters; leverage for hip abductors and rotators inserting on or near the greater trochanter

35
Q

What is a disadvantage of the angle of inclination in the femur?

A

it puts great stress on the bone near the apex and predisposes to fracture, especially in old age when this angle is its greatest

36
Q

What type of movement do the torsion angle (or angle of declination) and the angle of inclination allow?

A

rotary movements between the obliquely-oriented head and acetabulum to be translated to the direct flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, etc.

37
Q

This bone is the second largest bone in the body and transmits the weight of all superior from it onto the talus

A

tibia

38
Q

Proximally, the tibia has wide medial and lateral condyles. The articular surfaces of these condyles - which, along with the intercondylar eminence, comprise the ___ ___

A

tibial plateau

39
Q

Between the two articular surfaces of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia is the intercondylar eminence, which is mainly composed of what?

A

medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles (attachment sites for menisci and cruciate ligaments)

40
Q

Gerdy’s tubercle is located where? What is it an attachment site for?

A

anterolaterally at the lateral condyle of the tibia; iliotibial band

41
Q

The anterior border is subcutaneous throughout its length, as is the medial surface. These are commonly referred to as what?

A

shin bones

42
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity the attachment site for?

A

patellar ligament

43
Q

This bone is not weight-bearing but serves as muscle attachment and helps form the ankle joint

A

fibula

44
Q

The fibula lies posterolateral from the tibia and is firmly attached to it by the ____ ____

A

tibiofibular syndesmosis

note: this includes the interosseous membrane along the shaft, as well as additional ligaments more distally

45
Q

fibers of the interosseous membrane in the tibiofibular syndesmosis are angled to resists ____ pull upon the fibula

A

inferior

46
Q

Proximally is the fibular head. This has an apex, attachment for the ___ ____ and ____ ____ ligament

A

biceps femoris; lateral collateral

47
Q

What structure is located on the distal fibula?

A

lateral malleolus

48
Q

The body of the talus rests atop the ____

A

calcaneous

49
Q

The head of the talus is anterior to the body and neck of the talus and articulates with which bone?

A

navicular

50
Q

What is the largest and strongest bone of the foot?

A

calcaneus

51
Q

The posterior part of the calcaneus has a large calcaneal ____, the medial portion does what?

A

tuberosity; transmits weight toward the ground

52
Q

Medially, on the calcaneus, is a shelf-like projection to help support the talus called the _____ _____

A

sustenaculum tali

53
Q

What are the midfoot bones?

A

navicular, cuboid, and cuniforms

54
Q

What are the forefoot bones?

A

metatarsals and phalanges

Anatomy (44 decks)

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