Autonomics

Question 1

Most of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves are attached to the ____

Answer 1

brainstem

Question 2

The sensory ganglia of the vagus nerve are located where?

Answer 2

at the base of the skull

Question 3

In regards to sympathetic cells, the cell bodies of the autonomic neurons are found where?

Answer 3

in the lateral horns (gray mater) of the spinal cord from T1-L2 (thoracolumbar outflow)

Question 4

In regards to parasympathetic cells, the cell bodies of the autonomic neurons are found where?

Answer 4

in the gray mater of the spinal cord from S2-S4 (sacral outflow) and in the motor nuclei of III, VII, IX, and X cranial nerves

Question 5

True or false?

a single preganglionic axon may synapse with several postganglionic neurons

Answer 5

true

Question 6

These are 11 or 12 ganglia on either sides of the spinal cord that are connected to the adjacent thoracic spinal nerves by white and gray rami communicants

Answer 6

paravertebral ganglia in the sympathetic chain

Question 7

In regards to the paravertebral ganglia; the branches of the upper 5 ganglia supply what?

Answer 7

thoracic viscera as cardiopulmonary splanchnics

Question 8

In regards to the paravertebral ganglia; the branches of the lower 7 ganglia supply what?

Answer 8

abdominal and pelvic viscera as thoracic splanchnics

Question 9

Preganglionic fibers that emerge from spinal cord level T1 travel where?

Answer 9

ascend in the sympathetic trunk to the highest ganglion in the neck to synapse there - postganglionic fibers then supply head

Question 10

Prevertebral ganglia such as celiac ganglia, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia and others around branches of the abdominal aorta: splanchnic nerves leave the sympathetic ganglia in the sympathetic chain without relay to relay on prevertebral ganglia. True or false?

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Give the route of the preganglionic sympathetic fiber (myelinated)

Answer 11

spinal nerve - anterior ramus - white communicantes - sympathetic ganglia

Question 12

Give the rout of the postganglionic sympathetic fiber (non-myelinated)

Answer 12

gray ramus communicantes - back to anterior ramus or posterior ramus to be distributed with both of them

Question 13

Explain how sympathetic fibers, which emerge from only a small region of the spinal cord (T1-L2), are distributed to peripheral regions innervated by all spinal nerves

Answer 13

preganglionic sympathetic fibers may ascend or descend to other vertebral levels to synapse in ganglia with associated spinal nerves. Postganglionic fibers leave the distant ganglia via gray rami communicates and are distrubuted along anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 14

Cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, and IX supply parasympathetics where?

Answer 14

in the head and neck only

Question 15

The ___ nerve supplies parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and most of the abdominal viscera

Answer 15

vagus

Question 16

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve are located where?

Answer 16

in the walls of the target viscera

Question 17

Parasympathetic ganglia are called ___ ganglia, reaching at or near the target organ

Answer 17

terminal

Question 18

Which organs receive sympathetic innervation only?

Answer 18

skin and related structures (sweat glands and hair follicles)

Question 19

The ___ is the main higher autonomic center that controls the autonomic activity of the body.

Answer 19

hypothalamus