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Anatomy > Craniovertebral Joints and Pharynx > Flashcards

Craniovertebral Joints and Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

synovial (condyloid) between occipital condyles and facets on superior surfaces of the lateral atlas

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2
Q

Occipital condyles are _____ with complementary _____ facets on the atlas

A

convex; concave

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3
Q

What type of movement does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

A

flexion and extension with slight rotation and lateral flexion (yes movement - 45 degrees in each direction)

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4
Q

In regards to the atlanto-axial joints, there are __ total synovial joints between the atlas and axis vertebrae plus __ ligamentous articulation which create a composite structure allowing rotation

A

3; 1

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5
Q

Inferior articular facets of the atlas and superior articular facets of the axis form the two ____ atlanto-axial joints.

A

lateral

note: these facets are large and transversely oriented, allowing for a large amount of mobility

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6
Q

The medial atlanto-axial joint is the articulation between the _____ ____ of the axis and the ___ ___ of the atlas and the _____ ligament of the atlas, completing the pivot joint with two joint cavities

A

odontoid process (dens); anterior arch; transverse

note: “no” movement (shake head 45 degrees in each direction)

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7
Q

This is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament. It connects the anterior arch of the atlas and anterior margin of foramen magnum.

A

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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8
Q

This is in the same relative position as the ligamentum flavum. It connects the posterior arch of atlas and poster margin of foramen magnum.

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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9
Q

What artery perforates the inferior margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane?

A

vertebral

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10
Q

This is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It connects the body of the axis and anterior margin of foramen magnum to clivus and covers the deeper cruciate, alar and apical ligaments.

A

tectorial membrane

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11
Q

This ligament has a strong transverse part attached to the lateral masses and anterior arch of atlas posterolateral to the dens. It helps form the medial atlanto-axial joint and has a weak vertical part that interconnects the boyd of the axis and the anterior margin of foramen magnum.

A

Cruciate ligament

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12
Q

This ligament provides strong connections between the lateral sides of the dens and the margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. It minimizes rotation.

A

alar ligament

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13
Q

This ligament provides a weak interconnection between the tip of the dens and the margin of foramen magnum

A

apical ligament

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14
Q

In this type of fracture, the arches of the atlas are fractured and the lateral masses are displaced laterally due to excessive axial compression resulting in 2-4 fracture points or severe hyperextension resulting in posterior arch fractures. This can commonly occur when diving into shallow water.

A

Jefferson’s (Burst) fracture

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15
Q

This is a fracture of the pedicles of the axis. It is due to force when the neck is hyperextended. It makes up 20% of all spinal fractures and is commonly seen in automotive accidents and hangings.

A

Hangman’s fracture

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16
Q

The fracture of the dens is displacement with or without rupture of what ligament?

A

transverse ligament

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17
Q

The pharynx extends from the base of the skull at the ____ ___ to the ____

A

sphenoidal body; esophagus

note: esophagus and trachea start at same level (C6)

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18
Q

The pharynx consists of an outer ____ muscle and an inner ____ muscle and is guarded by a ring of ____ tissue

A

circular; longitudinal; lymphoid

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19
Q

The pharynx has motor innervation primarily by the ____ nerve and sensory innervation via branches of the ____, ____, and ____ nerves

A

vagus; maxillary, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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20
Q

The superior constrictor muscle arises anteriorly from the pterygoid ___ and pterygomandibular ____, where it is continuous with the _____

A

hamulus; raphe; buccinator

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21
Q

The superior constrictor is attached posteriorly to the ____ tubercle at the base of the skull to the ____ ____ at the midline

A

pharyngeal; pharyngeal raphe

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22
Q

There is a gap in the superior constrictor musculature at the base of the skull between its anterior and posterior attachment sites, filled in by ______ fascia and providing a site of passage for what three structures?

A

phayrgobasilar; 1. levator veli palatini, 2. pharyngotympanic tube 3. ascending palatine artery

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23
Q

This muscle arises anteriorly from the lesser and greater horns of the hyoid bone and the lower part of the stylohyoid ligament. It attaches posteriorly to the pharyngeal raphe.

A

middle constrictor

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24
Q

Posteiorly, the upper fibers of the middle constrictor overlap the lower fibers of the superior constrictor, like stacked cups. True or false?

A

true

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25
Q

Anteriorly, there is a gap between the middle and superior constrictors allowing for the passage of what 3 structures?

A

stylopharyngeus, stylohyoid ligament, glossopharyngeal n.

26
Q

This muscle arises anteriorly from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage and from the cricoid cartilage and attaches posteriorly to the pharyngeal raphe.

A

inferior constrictor

27
Q

Anteriorly, the gap between the middle and inferior constrictors permits the passage of what 2 structures

A

internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery

28
Q

The lower fibers of the inferior constrictor form the ____ that acts as a sphincter between the pharynx and esophagus

A

cricopharyngeus

29
Q

What nerve and artery enter at the lower border of cricopharyngeus?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery

30
Q

This internal muscle of the pharynx arises from the pharyngotympanic tube and blends in with the posterior wall of the pharynx

A

salpingopharyngeus

31
Q

This internal muscle of the pharynx arises from the hard palate and aponeurosis. It blends with the side of the pharyngeal wall.

A

palatopharyngeus

32
Q

This internal muscle of the pharynx arises from the styloid process and attaches inferiorly to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

A

stylpharyngeus

33
Q

Sylopharyngeus is the only muscle of the pharynx that in not innervated by the ___ nerve. It is innervated by the ____ nerve.

A

vagus; glossopharyngeal

34
Q

This is a thin layer of loose CT that forms the outer covering of the pharynx. The pharyngeal plexus of nerves is embedded here.

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

35
Q

This fascia fills in the gap between the upper borders of the superior constrictors and the base of the skull

A

pharyngobasilar fascia

36
Q

For the following artery, name the branch that comes off of it to supply the pharynx and tonsillar regions: ECA

A

ascending pharyngeal artery

37
Q

For the following artery, name the branch that comes off of it to supply the pharynx and tonsillar regions: Facial artery

A

ascending palatine artery and tonsillar artery

38
Q

For the following artery, name the branch that comes off of it to supply the pharynx and tonsillar regions: maxillary artery

A

descending palatine artery and a pharyngeal branch

39
Q

For the following artery, name the branch that comes off of it to supply the pharynx and tonsillar regions: inferior thyroid artery

A

pharyngeal branches

40
Q

Do branches of the superior thyroid artery supply the pharynx/tonsillar regions?

A

yes

41
Q

Veins of the pharynx form a minor plexus that drains into the ____ plexus

A

pterygoid

42
Q

This vein is the source of much of the bleeding in the removal of the palatine tonsils

A

external palatine vein

43
Q

In regards to sensory innervation of the pharynx by the maxillary, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves, give the location or action that each nerve is involved in

A

maxillary nerve: upper part

glossopharyngeal nerve: lower part, gag reflex (sensory)

vagus: gag reflex (motor)

44
Q

Most lymphatic drainage from the pharynx, including the tonsils is mostly to the _____ nodes

A

jugulodigastric

45
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

superior: body of sphenoid
inferior: soft palate

note: continuous with nasal cavities via choanae

46
Q

In the nasopharynx, the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube forms a bulge called what?

A

torus tubarius

47
Q

The salpingopalatine fold overlies the tensor veli palatini muscle. What does this muscle do and and what ganglion sits on it?

A

modifies the auditory tube for air exchange; hooks under pterygoid hamulus where otic ganglion sits on it

48
Q

This is an elevation between the salpingopharyngeal and salpingopalatine folds. It is formed by the underlying LVP

A

torus levatorius

49
Q

What are the attachments of LVP

A

between petrous temporal and auditory tube to palatine aponeurosis

50
Q

This is a slit-like space that extends posteriorly and laterally behind the torus tubarius

A

pharyngeal recess

51
Q

The roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain what?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

52
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  1. separated form the oral cavity by the tongue and palatopharyngeal/palatoglossal arches
  2. superior - soft palate
  3. inferior - epiglottis
53
Q

In regards to the oropharynx, the space between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch form the tonsillar cleft and contains what?

A

palatine tonsils

54
Q

In regards to the oropharynx, the tonsillar bed is formed by the ____ fascia and the ____ constrictor muscle

A

pharyngobasilar; superior

55
Q

In regards to the oropharynx, the base of the tongue facing the pharynx contains a large accumulation of lymphoid tissue forming the ____ _____

A

lingual tonsils

56
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

posterior: larynx
superior: inferior border of cricoid cartilage
inferior: superior border of epiglottis

57
Q

The ____ recess is on either side of the larynx extending to the laminae of the thyroid cartilage (food can get trapped here and stimulate the recurrent and internal laryngeal nerves)

A

piriform

58
Q

The pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils along with smaller lymphoid masses form a ring of lymphoid tissue called _____ ring that guards against infections

A

Waldeyer’s

59
Q

Degulation is the act of swallowing and has three stages. Describe each.

A
  1. voluntary: food is compressed
  2. involuntary: the soft palate is elevated to seal nasopharynx, the larynx is elevated, forcing the epiglottis posterior
  3. involuntary: contraction of constrictors propel food down to esophagus
60
Q

Where is the deglutition center located?

A

medulla

61
Q

What is the tensor veli palatini innervated by?

A

trigeminal nerve

Anatomy (44 decks)

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