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Anatomy > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

What regions of the back is thoracolumbar fascia found?

A

thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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2
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia is continuous with which two regions?

A

cervical and gluteal

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3
Q

The thoracolumbar fascia thickens inferiorly, and the thickening is prominent in the ___ region

A

lumbar

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4
Q

Medial attachments of which two muscles blend into the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

serratus posterior, latissimus dorsi

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5
Q

The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia covers the rector spinal group with attachment medially to the ___ ____ of the ____ vertebrae, the median sacral crest, and supraspinous ligaments

A

spinous processes; lumbar

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6
Q

The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attaches medially to the ___ ___ of the ___ vertebrae, superiorly to the lower border of rib XII, and inferiorly to the iliac crest

A

transverse processes; lumbar

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7
Q

The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia is the posterior surface of the ___ ___ muscle

A

quadratus lumborum

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8
Q

The anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia covers the quadratus lumborum on its anterior surface, attaches medially to the ___ ___ of the ___ and ___ vertebrae, superiorly to the lateral arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, and inferiorly to the iliac crest

A

transverse processes; thoracic; lumbar

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9
Q

All three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia unite laterally and attach to what?

A

angle of the ribs

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10
Q

Laterally, the thoracolumbar fascia is continuous with the aponeurosis of what muscle?

A

transversus abdominus

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11
Q

These muscles are broad and flat, lie deep to the trapezius and deep and medial to the levator scapulae. There are two muscles in this group.

A

Splenius group

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12
Q

What is the action of the splenius group?

A

extension of the head and neck when contracting bilaterally, rotation of the head and neck when contracting unilaterally (turns face to same side)

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13
Q

Splenius cervicis is the most inferior of the splenius group and is narrower than splenius capitis. What is its origin and insertion?

A

Origin: spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: transverse processes of C1-C3

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14
Q

Splenius capitis is the most superior of the splenius group. What is its origin and insertion?

A

Origin: spinous processes of C7-T4 and the lower half portion of the ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: lateral third of the superior nuchal line and the mastoid process

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15
Q

This group of muscles are the largest group of the intrinsic back muscles. They are deep to the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia but superficial to the middle layer. Because they lie deep to the splenius muscles in the cervical and upper thoracic regions, these muscles are sometimes called the “intermediate group” of in the intrinsic back muscles. They lie between the spinous processes of the vertebrae medially and the angle of the ribs laterally.

A

erector spinae muscles

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16
Q

The individual fibers within the erector spinae group span 6-10 vertebral levels. All of the erector spinae muscles originate from what?

A

a broad common tendon attached to the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae, and lower thoracic vertebrae, the sacrum, and the iliac crest

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17
Q

What is the most lateral of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Iliocostalis

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18
Q

Iliocostalis inserts where?

A

to the angle of the ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae laterally

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19
Q

The Iliocostalis muscle can be divided into three sections,: Iliocostalis lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis. Give the origin and insertion for each one.

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

origin: the common tendon of the erector spinae
insertion: superolaterally to the angle of lower 6/7 ribs

Iliocostalis thoracis

origin: the angle of lower 6 ribs
insertion: the angle of upper 6 ribs, and the transverse processes of C7

Iliocostalis cervicis

origin: the angle of ribs 3-6
insertion: the transverse processes of vertebrae C4-C6

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20
Q

This erector spinae muscle is medial to iliocostalis and lateral to spinalis. It inserts onto the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae, the ribs lateral to the tubercle, and mastoid process.

A

Longissmus

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21
Q

The Longissmus can be divided into three sections: Longissmus thoracis, cervicis, and capitis. Give the origin and insertion for each one.

A

Longissmus thoracis

origin: common tendon of the erector spinae group and the transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and ribs 2/3-12

Longissmus cervicis

origin: transverse processes of T1-4/5
insertion: transverse processes of C2-C6 superiorly

Longissmus capitis

origin: transverse processes of C4-T4/5 and articular processes of lower 3/4 cervical vertebrae
insertion: mastoid process

22
Q

This muscle is the most medial of the erector spinae group

A

spinalis

23
Q

Spinals can be divided into three sections: Spinals thoracis, cervicis, and capitis. Give the origin and insertion for each one.

A

Spinalis thoracis

origin: spinous processes of T10/11-L2
insertion: spinous processes of T1-T8

Spinalis cervicis

origin: lower portion of the ligamentum nuchal and the spinous process of C7
insertion: the spinous process of C2

Spinalis capitis
origin/insertion: not given in handout

24
Q

What are the actions of the erector spinae group?

A

erector spinae muscles are extensors of the back when contracting bilaterally
and….
laterally flex the back when contracting unilaterally

25
Q

This muscle group originates from transverse processes of inferior vertebrae and insert onto spinous processes of superior vertebrae. They are deep to the muscles of the erector spinae.

A

Transversospinalis group

26
Q

What are the three muscles that make of the Transversospinalis group and what is their joint action?

A

semispinalis, multifidis, rotatores
action: bilateral contraction causes extension of the back, while unilateral contraction causes rotation of the torso in the opposite direction

27
Q

Semispinalis spans 4-6 vertebral levels and is subdivided based on the vertebral region where each section inserts. These subdivisions are thoracis, cervicis, and capitis. Give the origin and insertion for each one.

A

Semispinalis thoracis

origin: transverse processes T6-T10 inferiorly
insertion: spinous processes of C5-T4 superiorly

Semispinalis cervices

origin: transverse process of T1-T6 inferiorly
insertion: spinous process of C2-C5 superiorly

Semispinalis capitis

origin: transverse processes of T1-T6, C7, and the articular process of C4-C6 inferiorly
insertion: occipital bone between the inferior and superior nuchal lines

28
Q

What is the unique action of the semispinalis muscles?

A

bilateral contraction: extension of the neck, and unilateral contraction: rotation of the head

29
Q

These muscles are deep to the semispinalis muscles. They span two to four vertebral levels, from transverse process inferiorly to spinous process superiorly. They run the entire length of the vertebral column from the sacrum inferiorly to C2 superiorly, but are most pronounced in the lumbar region.

A

multifidus muscles

30
Q

Give the Origin, insertion, and action of the multifidus muscles.

A

origin: sacrum, mamillary processes of lumbar vertabrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
insertion: base of spinous processes of all vertebrae from L5-C2
action: stabilizer of the vertebral column

31
Q

These muscles are the deepest of the transversospinal group. They extend form the sacrum to C2, but are most pronounced at the thoracic level. Like multifidus, these muscles are most likely involved in stabilization of the vertebral column.

A

Rotatores

32
Q

The rotatores muscles are divided into Rotatores longi and braves. Give the attachments of each one.

A

Rotatores longi: spans 2 vertebral levels, attaching to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebra 2 levels higher

Rotatores brevis: spans one vertebral level, attaching to the transverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of the vertebra above it

33
Q

There are three segmental back muscles: levatores costarum, interspinales, and intertransversarii. Give the action and attachments for each one.

A

Levatores costarum

action: elevate ribs
origin: transverse processes of C7-T11
insertion: onto ribs below

interspinales: attach to the spinous process of adjacent vertebrae with the interspinous ligaments
action: stabilize vertebrae during movement

Intertransversarii: attach to the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.
action: stabilize vertebrae during movement

34
Q

Which of the three segmental back muscles are considered “true back muscles”?

A

interspinales and intertransversarii

35
Q

In regards to deep back muscles, where does the cervical region receive blood from?

A

vertebral artery, deep cervical artery, occipital artery, transverse cervical artery, ascending cervical artery

36
Q

In regards to deep back muscles, where does the thoracic region receive blood from?

A

posterior intercostal arteries

37
Q

In regards to deep back muscles, where does the lumbar region receive blood from?

A

subcostal artery, dorsal branches of lumbar arteries

38
Q

In regards to deep back muscles, where does the sacral region receive blood from?

A

lateral sacral arteries

39
Q

The muscles of the deep back, as well as the skin of the back, are innervated in a segmental pattern by the ___ ____ of spinal nerves.

A

posterior rami

40
Q

The ____ _____ is a bilateral structure that lies deep to the simspinalis capitis/spinalis capitis muscles. It is formed by four small muscles which each have a role in extension and rotation of the head and also function to stabilize the upper cervical occipital region

A

suboccipital triangle

41
Q

Muscles of the suboccipital region are innervated by dorsal rami C1, usually called the ____ nerve

A

suboccipital

42
Q

In regards to muscles of the suboccipital region, give the origin, insertion, and action of obliquus capitis inferior

A

origin: spinous process of C2
insertion: transverse process of C1
action: unilateral contraction rotates the head to the same side

43
Q

In regards to muscles of the suboccipital region, give the origin, insertion, and action of obliquus capitis superior

A

origin: transverse process of C1
insertion: the occipital bone above the inferior nuchal line
action: bilateral contraction extends the head, and unilateral contraction bends the head to the same side

44
Q

In regards to muscles of the suboccipital region, give the origin, insertion, and action of rectus capitis posterior major

A

origin: spinous process of C2
insertion: occipital bone below the inferior nuchal line
action: bilateral contraction extends the head, and unilateral contraction rotates the head to the same side

45
Q

In regards to muscles of the suboccipital region, give the origin, insertion, and action of ectus capitis posterior minor

A

origin: posterior tubercle of C1 inferomedially
insertion: the occipital bone below the inferior nuchal line superolaterally
action: bilateral contraction contributes to the extension of the head

46
Q

The blood supply for the muscles of suboccipital triangle is from branches of the ____ and ___ arteries and they are drained by associated veins

A

vertebral; occipital

47
Q

Give the contents of the suboccipital triangle:

floor and walls

A

floor: posterior arch of C1
walls: muscles of the suboccipital triangle

48
Q

The vertebral artery passes through the suboccipital triangle after exiting the ___ ___ as it travels into the foramen magnum

A

transverse foramen

49
Q

The ___ ___ nerve is the medial branch of the dorsal rams of cervical spinal C2 and innervates skin along the posterior part of the scalp to the top of the head

A

greater occipital

50
Q

___ is microscopic tearing or overstitching of the muscle fibers

A

strain

Anatomy (44 decks)

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