Basic Concepts in Anatomy

Question 1

The following describes what anatomical plane:

vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Answer 1

coronal (frontal) plane

Question 2

The following describes what anatomical plane:

vertical plane that divides into right and left portions

Answer 2

sagittal plane

Question 3

The following describes what anatomical plane:

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves at the precise midline

Answer 3

median plane

Question 4

The following describes what anatomical plane:

horizontal plane that divides into superior and inferior portions

Answer 4

transverse plane

Question 5

Define the following terms of laterality:
bilateral
unilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral

Answer 5

bilateral: present on both sides
unilateral: present on one side only
ipsilateral: on the same side as another structure
contralateral: on the opposite side from another structure

Question 6

Describe what happens to the angle between bones or body parts during flexion and extension

Answer 6

flexion: angle decreases
extension: angle increases

Question 7

_____ is moving away from the median plane, while ____ is moving toward the median plane

Answer 7

abduction; adduction

Question 8

The ______ skeletal system consists of the cranium, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the ____ skeletal system forms the limbs with their girdles

Answer 8

axial; appendicular

Question 9

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 9

patella (sesamoid means seed-shaped)

Question 10

The shaft or body of the bone is called what?

Answer 10

diaphysis

Question 11

What are the epiphyses of a bone?

Answer 11

proximal and distal ends

Question 12

Define metaphysis

Answer 12

junction between diaphysis and epiphysis located either on epiphyseal line (adult bone) or epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Question 13

The interior of diaphysis containing bone marrow is called a ___ cavity

Answer 13

medullary

Question 14

What is connective tissue covering of the external bone surface called? - tendons of muscles intermingle with this tissue to unite muscles to bones

Answer 14

periosteum

Question 15

connective tissue lining the medullary cavity is called what?

Answer 15

endosteum

Question 16

The ____ foramen is the opening in the diaphysis allowing the main artery and vein to pass to the medullary cavity

Answer 16

nutrient

Question 17

In regards to neurovascular blood supply to bone, the ___ artery is the largest and passes through the nutrient foramen

Answer 17

nutrient

Question 18

In regards to neurovascular blood supply to bone, smaller epiphyseal and metaphysical arteries arise from where?

Answer 18

joint supplying arteries

Question 19

____ blood supply is crucial for bone survival

Answer 19

periosteum

Question 20

True or false?

Primary innervation is different from those innervating the blood vessels (vasomotor)

Answer 20

false, it is the same

Question 21

True or false?

Bone is very sensitive to pain

Answer 21

false, relatively insensitive

Question 22

In regards to cartilage, avascular connective tissue is located at sites of increased ___

Answer 22

flexibility

Question 23

Describe where each of the following types of cartilage are found:
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Answer 23

hyaline: most common and is found coating the articular surface of most bones and also forms costal cartilage and tracheal rings
elastic: forms the external ear and epiglottis
fibrocartilage: forms articular discs at various joints, intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis

Question 24

Define joint

Answer 24

where two bones come together

Question 25

Describe the location of the following three types of fibrous joints: sutures syndesomosis gomphosis

Answer 25

sutures: between bones of skull, minimal amounts of fibrous tissue syndesmosis: bones connected by a sheet of dense connective tissue gomphosis: tooth root joined to bony socket by periodontal ligament

Question 26

Describe the following two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis symphysis

Answer 26

synchondrosis: joined by hyaline cartilage (ex: costochondral junction between ribs and costal cartilages, epiphyseal growth plates) symphysis: joined by fibrocartilage (ex: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis)

Question 27

What are synovial joints?

Answer 27

fluid-filled joint cavity, results in increased flexibility between hyaline covered articular surfaces. All synovial joints are diarthroses.

Question 28

Articular cartilage is mostly __ cartilage

Answer 28

hyaline

Question 29

An outer layer of fibrous tissue that is continuous with the periosteum of the related bones and an inner synovial membrane which covers all except the articular cartilage is called what?

Answer 29

articular capsule

Question 30

Fribrocartilaginous ___ ___ can be found within the cavity or between two cavities to improve the surface interactions or absorb forces

Answer 30

articular discs

Question 31

Give an example for each mechanical classification of a synovial joint: uniaxial biaxial multiaxial

Answer 31

uniaxial: elbow biaxial: knuckles multiaxial: glenohumeral joint

Question 32

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: two flat surfaces, allowing gliding/sliding movements

Answer 32

plane

Question 33

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: cylindrical end fits into a trough end, allowing uniaxial movements (ex: elbow)

Answer 33

hinge

Question 34

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: cylindrical end fits into a ring of bone with fibrous support tissue, allowing rotation (atlantoaxial joint for shaking head side to side)

Answer 34

pivot

Question 35

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: egg-shaped surface with a concave surface, allowing biaxial movements of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Answer 35

condyloid

Question 36

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: saddle-shaped convex and concave surfaces yielding biaxial movements, as condyloid joints (ex: carpometacarpal joint at base of thumb).

Answer 36

saddle

Question 37

The following describes what type of shape classification of synovial joints: a sphere in a concave socket yielding multiaxial movements (ex: shoulder and hip)

Answer 37

ball and socket

Question 38

Define Hilton's Law

Answer 38

a joint is innervated by branches of the nerves that innervate the muscles which move the joint. These articular nerves are used in transmitting pain, proprioceptive (joint position) information, and for innervating adjacent vasculature (vasomotor function)

Question 39

True or false? | the skin is the largest organ in the body

Answer 39

ture

Question 40

Why type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

Answer 40

keratinized, stratified squamous

Question 41

The dermis is the vascular, deeper layer of the skin and is formed by what?

Answer 41

dense connective tissue

Question 42

Where are high densities of skin ligaments found?

Answer 42

in the palms of hands, soles of feet

Question 43

___ is a layer of connective tissue that contains varying amounts of fat and helps to surround, separate, and/or connect structures

Answer 43

fascia

Question 44

Deep fascia has thickenings near joints called ____, which act as pulleys for tendons running deeply

Answer 44

retinacula

Question 45

____ muscle is voluntarily controlled and striated. Produces force to move or stabilize the skeleton

Answer 45

skeletal

Question 46

____ muscle is involuntarily controlled and non-striated. Found in viscera, vessels, skin, and the eyeball

Answer 46

smooth

Question 47

____ muscle is involuntarily controlled and striated. Found in heart.

Answer 47

cardiac

Question 48

____ are strong, dense connective tissue cords that attach muscle to bone

Answer 48

tendon

Question 49

What is a fusiform muscle and what is an example?

Answer 49

spindle-shaped; ex: biceps brachii

Question 50

What is a convergent muscle and what is an example?

Answer 50

wide, fan-shaped tendon, which converges into a single tendon; ex: pec major

Question 51

What is a geometric muscle and what is an example?

Answer 51

circular (orbicularis oris), quadrangular (quadratus femoris)...etc

Question 52

True or false? | muscles shorten to produce force

Answer 52

true

Question 53

Describe isometric contractions

Answer 53

muscle tension increases but overall muscle length does not change

Question 54

Describe iostonic contractions

Answer 54

muscle tension is greater or lesser than external forces resulting in an associated movement

Question 55

____ contractions exist when the muscle tension is greater than the opposing forces, resulting in overall muscle shortening and subsequent skeletal movement

Answer 55

concentric

Question 56

____ contractions exist when the muscle tension is less than the opposing forces, resulting in overall muscle lengthening and subsequent skeletal movement

Answer 56

eccentric

Question 57

A muscle which isometrically contracts to stabilize the origin of the prime mover is a ____

Answer 57

fixator

Question 58

Arteries branch while veins converge, forming ____

Answer 58

tributaries

Question 59

``` Define each of the following functional divisions of the nervous system: somatic visceral afferent/sensory efferent/motor ```

Answer 59

somatic: derived from embryonic somites visceral: involved with visceral organs afferent/sensory: components bringing information into CNS efferent/motor: components transmitting information away from the CNS

Question 60

True or false? | The neurons has a cell body (soma), dendrites (receive information), and an axon (delivers information)

Answer 60

true

Question 61

____ neurons have numerous processes on the cell body; many dendrites and one axon; ex: motor neurons

Answer 61

multipolar

Question 62

____ neurons have a single appendage attached to the cell body; ex: sensory neurons

Answer 62

pseudounipolar

Question 63

The support cells of the nervous system are called ___ cells

Answer 63

glial

Question 64

A ___ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

Answer 64

ganglion

Question 65

A ___ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located inside the CNS

Answer 65

nucleus

Question 66

A bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS is known as a ___

Answer 66

nerve

Question 67

A ___ unit is defined as a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. This is the functional unit of muscle contraction/relaxation control

Answer 67

motor