Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Clinical Correlations -Gait > Flashcards

Clinical Correlations -Gait Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? In both running and walking, there are times when both feet are touching the ground.

A

false; in running, only one foot touches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The gait cycle is form the initial contact of a foot on the ground to the next initial contact of the same foot. It has 2 major phases, what are they? also describe

A

stance phase: when the foot is on the ground (60% of walking gait cycle)

swing phase: when the foot is in the air (40% of walking gait cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

We initiate ____ by simultaneously shifting body weight to one limb while lifting the other limb out infant of our base of support.

A

stepping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In regards to the 60% of the stance phase, breakdown the percentages of initial double support (both feet on ground), one foot on ground, and a second double support

A

initial double support (both feet on ground): 10%
one foot on ground: 40%
second double support: 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This is the act of transferring body weight from the contralateral limb to the ipsilateral limb

A

weight acceptance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The first part of weight acceptance is the heel strike. What is the position of the ipsilateral knee and ankle?

A

knee: extended
ankle: dorsiflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In regards to the heel strike, the quadriceps femurs contract strongly to reduce knee flexion, anterior leg muscles reduce/slow plantar flexion; this is key for _____ disorders

A

neuropathic (ex: foot-slap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the issue with the heel strike?

A

desires a secure interface (non-slip, level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the second part of weight acceptance?

A

loading response - continuation of double support, until the contralateral limb initiates its swing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the loading response, the ipsilateral ankle plantar flexes create ____-___, the entire sole is on the ground

A

foot-flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is shock absorbed in the loading response?

A

knee flexes, the foot pronates along with medial rotation of the tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In regards to the loading response, if the timing of the knee, tibia and foot motion do not coincide, then the stress is created along the tibia or at the joints; a common cause is ___-___ of the foot

A

over-pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the issues with with the loading response?

A

shock absorption is important; preserving progression (not too much deceleration is wanted); the movement to foot flat should be controlled by the dorsiflexors, if not then there is foot slap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Single limb support is the act of supporting body weight, in order to advance the contralateral limb. The first part is the mid-stance period. The second part is terminal stance. Describe each one.

A

mid-stance: full transfer of weight to ipsilateral limb (contralateral in swing). The body advances over the stationary foot by ankle dorsiflexion, while the ipsilateral knee and hip extend.

terminal stance: the body has advanced over and starts to move forward accelerating past the stance foot. During this period, heel-off occurs at about the same moment that the contralateral foot strikes the ground, ending single-support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does mid-stance termination occur?

A

with the body weight centered over the stance foot, ending deceleration and beginning acceleration; the contralateral limb is at midswing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the issues with the mid-stance period ?

A

pathology anywhere (hip, knee, ankle, or foot) can modify this period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the issues with the termination period?

A

maintaining pelvic, trunk and limb stability; preparing for transfer to contralateral limb for second double support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Swing preparation is sometimes categorized as the initial part of the swing phase due to its function for initiating the swing phase. The ____-____ is the final part of the stance phase, as the second double support.

A

pre-swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

From heel-off to toe-off (terminal stance + pre-swing = ____ phase -> acceleration)

A

propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In regards to swing preparation, the goal of pre-swing is to initiate the task of what?

A

limb advancement - by propelling the body forward, transferring weight from the ipsilateral to the contralateral limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In regards to swing preparation, the ____ muscle activates to accelerate the limb into swing by flexing the hip

A

iliopsoas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In regards to swing preparation, ____is vital, while pre-swing limb muscles are acting to prepare for rapid swinging

A

momentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the issues with swing preparation?

A

non-slip surface is important, positioning of limb for swing and conservation of momentum is crucial, various hallux pathologies affect toe-off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When toeing off, the 1st digit is usually the last to have contact. The foot ___ momentarily but then goes back to neutral during the swing

A

inverts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The swing phase fulfills one task, limb advancement. It is broken into three periods; initial swing, mid-swing, and terminal swing. Describe initial swing

A

involves acceleration of the limb; from toe-off to being adjacent the contralateral stance foot; involves flexion of the hip and knee, with dorsiflexion of the ankle, allowing for proper toe clearance at mid-swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What muscle is the primary instigator of strong hip flexion?

A

iliopsoas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the issues with the initial swing?

A

foot clearance to avoid tripping

28
Q

Describe the mid-swing (second part of the swing phase)?

A

starts when limb is adjacent to the contralateral stance foot and continues until the tibia is perpendicular to the ground; the hip is flexing, the knee is extending to create equal hip and knee flexion angles; the foot is still dorsiflexed to clear the ground and to prepare for heel strike

29
Q

What is the goal of the mid-swing (second part of the swing phase)?

A

place the swinging limb anterior to the body

30
Q

What are the issues of the mid-swing (second part of the swing phase)?

A

foot clearance to avoid tripping

31
Q

Describe the terminal swing (final part of the swing phase)

A

decelerating to prepare for heel strike; from tibia being perpendicular to the ground until the heel strikes the ground; the hip stops flexing, but the knee extends with a fully dorsiflexed ankle; prior to heel strike the limb/foot must be slowed

32
Q

What is the goal of the terminal swing (final part of the swing phase)?

A

the smooth, slow play event of the heel to initiate stance

33
Q

What are the issues with the terminal swing (final part of the swing phase)?

A

trajectory and velocity of foot prior to heel strike help determine the possibly of slipping

34
Q

Subtalar movements occur concurrently in the frontal and horizontal planes, thus rotations of the tibia are translated to rations of the foot. True or false?

A

true

35
Q

At heel strike, what should occur simultaneously?

A
  1. the foot should quickly pronate and then supinate to neutral
  2. the leg should medially rotate and then laterally rate to neutral
  3. the knee should flex and then extend
36
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: the pelvic crest on the side of the swing leg drops 5 degrees below the horizontal at mid stance of the contralateral limb

A

pelvic tilt

37
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: the pelvis rotates 4 degrees; anteriorly for swing limb, posteriorly for stance limb, maximizing the rotation at terminal swing and terminal stance. The torso simultaneously performs the opposite rotation

A

pelvic rotation

38
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: during the stance phase, the pelvis and trunk translate about 1 inch toward the stance limb

A

lateral shift

note: shifts CoG and conserves energy

39
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: normally about 3 inches wide - distance between feet during double support

A

step width

40
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: distance from the point of heel strike of one foot to the subsequent heel strike of the same foot (length of one gait cycle)

A

stride length

41
Q

The following description is of what component of normal gait: distance from the point of heel strike of one foot to the heel strike of the contralateral foot

A

step length

42
Q

In regards to the gait cycle, muscles work to accomplish what 3 things?

A
  1. accelerate or decelerate limbs
  2. counterbalance force of gravity
  3. counterbalance the ground reaction forces
43
Q

Limb shortening (flexing joints), pelvic motions, momentum, and elastic recoil result in what?

A

minimizing muscle activity -> an efficient, economical system

44
Q

This is important for injury prevention and maintaining clear vision. Peak vertical ground reaction forces at heel strike indicate how much needs to be dealt with.

A

shock absorption

45
Q

For each activity, give the associated peak GRF (in relation to body weight):

  1. walking
  2. jogging
  3. sprinting
A
  1. walking: 1X body weight
  2. jogging: 2.5X body weight
  3. sprinting: 3.5X body weight
46
Q

From the point of view of energy expenditure, it is more economical to lower the center of mass during walking than to maintain it level. True or false?

A

false; it is more economical to elevate the center of mass by keeping the hips and knees bent (groucho walking)

47
Q

In regards to energy expenditure, when is the high point and low point in the gait cycle reached?

A

high point: mid stance (going over the extended stance limb)

low point: double support

48
Q

What phase are most abnormal gaits seen? Why?

A

stance phase because this is when pain, muscle weakness, and joint abnormalities will produce their predominant effect

49
Q

Antalgic gait = against pain. For all painful gaits, ____ in the painful limb is decreased to get weight off the painful limb, thus ___ in the pain-free limb is also decreased

A

stance; swing

50
Q

If there is an antalgic gait due to hip pain, the person may shift weight over the painful stance limb, balancing above the hip, rather than allowing the pelvis to drop and reducing the pain on the hip. This results in what?

A

a lateral shift of the trunk by more than 1 inch because body weight plus the force on the hip created by contraction of the abductors wilds increased pressure within the hip joint, thus increasing pain of a pathologic hip

51
Q

This type of gait lacks coordination

A

ataxic

52
Q

In ____ ____, the gait is lurching/staggering like a drunk, moments are exaggerated, wide stance, unsteadiness, trunk tremors, lateral jerking of limbs

A

cerebellar ataxia

note: nemonic is “if you are drunk, then you need to call a taxi cab”

53
Q

This type of gait is a neuropathic gait with weakness of ankle dorsiflexors. It is typically audible, asymmetric, and no pain associated

A

foot-slap gait

54
Q

In regards to foot-slap gait, if fully paralyzed dorsiflexors, then likely have a ___-____ gait brought about by excessive hip and knee flexion of the ipsilateral limb; if the hip and/or knee flexors are also weak or paralyzed or knee is stiff, then the patient may use a ___-___ gait

A

high-step; hip-hike

note: in addition to hip-hike, limb circumduction may be used

55
Q

In this abnormal gait, abductors of stance limb must contract to keep pelvis from tilting down more than the normal 5 degrees; if abductors are too weak, then the contralateral pelvis drops

A

myopathic gait (gluteus medius gait)

note: if the patient allows the pelvis to drop, this is called Trendelenburg Gait - leans over hip to keep hip from dropping

56
Q

In regards to myopathic gait; a ____ results with unilateral drop or a ___ gait results with bilateral drop

A

lurch; waddling

note: may be brought about by polio, L5 nerve root lesion, gluteal injection damage of the superior gluteal nerve

57
Q

In regards to the myopathic gait, if the patient has weak hip flexors, acceleration of swing is impaired. How do they compensate?

A

rotate the pelvis excessively

58
Q

What is a positive trendelenburg test?

A

when the hip abductors are weak, the pelvis sags when one limb is lifted off the ground

note: the vertebral column is side bent towards the side of the supporting limb

59
Q

This type of abnormal gait is characterized by unilateral weakness and spasticity, lacks flexion of joints yielding a long limb, must circumduct or swing limb laterally to bring forward. The affected upper limb is flexed toward the chest

A

Hemiplegic gait

note: decorticate posture = upper limb flexed, lower limb extended

60
Q

When jogging, the single support phase is ___% of the gait cycle and the flight phase is ___%

A

80; 20

61
Q

When sprinting, the single support phase is ___% of the gait cycle and the flight phase is ___%

A

56; 44

62
Q

When running, leg muscles have to work much harder. Why?

A

GRFs are higher; increased joint movements

63
Q

Tendon recoil returns ___% of the energy used to stretch it

A

93

64
Q

The most important spring of the lower limb is the ____ tendon. This tendon stores 35% of the energy lost in the stance phase

A

achilles

65
Q

The foot also acts like a spring, returning ___% of the energy used to force it down. The primary ligaments involved are the plantar aponeurosis, the long and short plantar and the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

A

78

Anatomy (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions