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Anatomy > Interior of The Skull > Flashcards

Interior of The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

A midline ridge, frontal crest, on the frontal bone serves for the attachment of the ____ ____

A

falx cerebri

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2
Q

Frontal crest terminates at the beginning of what groove?

A

groove for the superior saggital sinus

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3
Q

Parietal bones have grooves from the ___ ____ artery

A

middle meningeal

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4
Q

Granular foveae are small pits and depressions in the calvaria that host the ____ ____

A

arachnoid granulations

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5
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity has three depressions, anterior, middle, and posterior. The ____ cranial fossa is the shallowest and most superior of the three

A

anterior

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6
Q

In regards to the anterior cranial fossa, this bone forms a cribriform plate and a median cost, crista galli, for the attachment of falx cerebri.

A

ethmoid

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7
Q

In regards to the anterior cranial fossa, the body and lesser wings of the sphenoid are located ____

A

posteriorly

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8
Q

The foramen cecum is located in the anterior cranial fossa. It allows passage of what?

A

nasal emissary veins

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9
Q

The cribiform foramina is located in the anterior cranial fossa. It allows passage of what?

A

axons of olfactory nerves

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10
Q

The anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, in the anterior cranial fossa, allow passage of what?

A

ethmoid artery and vein

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11
Q

The middle cranial fossa is posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa. It is separated from the anterior fossa by ____ crests, anterior cloned processes and ___ of sphenoid bone, and from the posterior cranial fossa by superior border of ____ part of temporal bone

A

sphenoidal; sphenoid; petrous

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12
Q

The ___ bone forms most of the middle cranial fossa with its bilaterally placed ____ wings and the centrally located upper part of the body termed ___ ____

A

sphenoid; greater; sella tucica

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13
Q

The ___ of the sphenoid forms the anterior boundary of the chiasmatic sulcus, which is formed as the continuation of the optic canals where the optic nerves cross

A

limbus

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14
Q

The sella turcica is formed by what three things?

A 
tuberculum sellae (posterior elevation)
hypophysial fossa (depression housing pituitary gland)
dorsum sellae (bony ridge superior with posterior cloned processes as lateral edges)
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15
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen goes through the lesser wing of the sphenoid and opens into the orbit

A

optic

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16
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

CN II (optic nerve) and ophthalmic artery

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17
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen is located between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid and opens into the orbit.

A

superior orbital fissure

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18
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure

A

CN III (occulomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN V1 (ophthalmic nerve - trigeminal), CN VI (abducens), ophthalmic veins

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19
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen is large, opens inferiorly into the infratemporal fossa

A

foramen ovale

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20
Q

What passes through foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 (mandibular nerve), lesser petrosal nerve, accessory meningeal artery

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21
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, This foramen is located posterior to the medical end of the superior orbital fissure and opens externally into the pterygopalatine fossa

A

foramen rotundum

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22
Q

What passes through foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2 (maxillary nerve)

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23
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen is located posterolateral to f. ovale and opens into the infratemporal fossa

A

Foramen spinosum

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24
Q

What passes through foramen spinosum?

A

MMA

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25
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen opens into the cranium posteromedial to f. ovale.

A

Carotid canal

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26
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

ICA and nerve plexus

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27
Q

In regards to the middle cranial fossa, this foramen lies posterolateral to the hypophyseal fossa and is partially filled with cartilage during life

A

foramen lacerum

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28
Q

The posterior cranial fossa is limited anteriorly on the midline by the ____ ____, laterally by the superior border of the ___ part of the temporal bone, and inferiorly and posteriorly by the ____ bone

A

dorsum sellae; petrous; occipital

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29
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, the sphenoid body and the basilar part of the occipital bone form the _____, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellae that slopes posteriorly

A

clivus

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30
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, the ____ ____ crest runs along the midline from the foramen magnum posteriorly to the internal occipital protuberance and divides the posterior cranial fossa into two bilateral depressions, the deep ____ ____

A

internal occipital; cerebellar fossae

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31
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, this foramen is the largest in the skull within the occipital bone

A

foramen magnum

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32
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

brain stem/spinal cord with meninges, vertebral arteries, and CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)

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33
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, this foramen is at the base of the petrous ridge of the temporal bone.

A

jugular foramen

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34
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN XI (accessory), sigmoid sinus as it becomes the superior bulb of the IJV

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35
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, this foramen is located anteriosuperior to the jugular foramen within the petrous portion

A

internal acoustic meatus

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36
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII (facial), CN VIII (vestibulocochlear), and labyrinthine artery

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37
Q

In regards to the posterior cranial fossa, this foramen is located anterolaterally within the foramen magnum

A

hypoglossal canal

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38
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

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39
Q

Several sinuses converge towards the jugular foramen to from the ___ ___ vein

A

internal jugular

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40
Q

The groove for ____ ____ sinus is lateral to the clivus

A

inferior petrosal

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41
Q

The ___ sinus is between temporal and occipital bones running towards the jugular foramen

A

sigmoid

42
Q

The ____ sinuses extend laterally from the internal occipital protuberance to join the sigmoid sinuses

A

transverse

43
Q

What is the difference between cranial meninges and spinal meninges?

A

cranial dura mater has two layers - periosteal and membranous

44
Q

At the foramen magnum, all layers except ____ dural layer are continuous with the spinal meninges

A

periosteal

45
Q

The subarachnoid space contains ____ produced by chord plexuses in brain ventricles and resorbed though arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus

A

CSF

46
Q

____ ____ is a large, sickle-shaped dural infolding that passes between two cerebral hemispheres and attaches anteriorly to crista galli and the frontal crest

A

falx cerebri

note: ends posteriorly at internal occipital protuberance

47
Q

_____ _____ separates cerebellum from inferior portion of the cerebrum and is raised up “like a tent” by its superior attachment to falx cerebri

A

tentorium cerebelli

48
Q

The tantorium cerebelli has a central opening, the ___ ____, through which the brainstem passes

A

tentorial notch

49
Q

This is a small, vertical projection from inferior surface of tentorium cerebelli between the two cerebellar hemispheres. It attaches to the internal occipital crest.

A

falx cerebelli

50
Q

This is a small, horizontal sheet of dura that roofs the hypophyseal fossa, which has an opening in the middle for the passage of infundibulum of pituitary gland

A

diaphragm sellae

51
Q

____ ___ sinuses are endothelium-lined spaces between the two dural layers. Venous blood enters these from cerebral veins, diploic veins, and through emissary veins.

A

Dural venous

52
Q

Where is the confluence of sinuses located?

A

dilated region near the internal occipital protuberance where several dural sinuses meet

53
Q

This sinus lies in superior region of the falx cerebri from foramen cecum to end in the confluence of sinuses. It connects with laterally placed venous lacunae into which arachnoid granulations project for return of CSF to venous circulation.

A

superior sagittal sinus

54
Q

This sinus is found in the free, inferior border of falx cerebri and ends in the straight sinus

A

inferior sagittal sinus

55
Q

This sinus lies at junction of falx cerebri with tentorium cerebelli; formed by the merging of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein; terminates in the confluence of sinuses

A

straight sinus

56
Q

This sinus is found in falx cerebelli, where it attaches to the occipital bone; communicates with internal vertebral venous plexus and terminates into confluence of sinuses

A

occipital sinus

57
Q

This sinus courses laterally from the confluence of sinuses along attached border of tentorium cerebelli to drain into the sigmoid sinus

A

transverse sinus

58
Q

This sinus is the continuation of the transverse sinus as it curves inferiorly to pass through the jugular foramen forming the IJV

A

sigmoid sinus

59
Q

This sinus is located bilaterally, lateral to sella turcica. Fibrous extensions between meningeal and periosteal dura layers give it trabeculated form. It connects with structures outside cranial cavity via ophthalmic veins and emissary veins from the pterygoid plexus

A

cavernous sinus

60
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A

ICA, CN VI (abducens)

61
Q

Which nerves lie in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III (occulomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN V1 (ophthalmic-trigeminal), and CN V2 (maxillary-trigeminal)

62
Q

These sinuses are small, receive blood from diploic and meningeal veins, and drain into the anterior part of the cavernous sinus

A

sphenoparietal sinuses

63
Q

This sinus runs within tentorium cerebelli, where it is attached to the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It connects posterior part of cavernous sinus to transverse sinus, becoming the sigmoid sinus

A

superior petrosal sinus

64
Q

This sinus connects the posterior part of the cavernous sinus to the junction of sigmoid sinus and IJV at the jugular foramen

A

inferior petrosal sinus

65
Q

This sinus interconnects the two inferior petrosal and cavernous sinuses with internal vertebral plexus

A

basilar

66
Q

This artery is the largest of the meningeal arteries and supplies about 80% of the dura.

A

MMA

note: arises from maxillary artery

67
Q

The trigeminal nerve supplies the dura. What does CN V1 (ophthalmic) supply?

A

anterior cranial fossa and falx cerebri

68
Q

The trigeminal nerve supplies the dura. What does CN V2 (maxillary) supply?

A

tentorium crebelli

69
Q

The trigeminal nerve supplies the dura. What does CN V3 (mandibular) supply?

A

middle cranial fossa

70
Q

What is the posterior cranial fossa innervated by?

A

upper cervical nerves and vagus nerve

71
Q

_____ hemorrhage occurs when blood collects between calvaria and periosteal layer of dura.

A

extradural

note: usually due to rupture of MMA caused by skull fracture; yield a lens-shaped hematoma

72
Q

____ hemorrhage occurs when blood collects between the meningeal layer of the dura and the arachnoid layer.

A

Subdural

note: usually due to rupture of veins draining into dural venous sinuses; yield a crescent shaped

73
Q

____ hemorrhage occurs when blood collects in subarachnoid space mixing with the CSF. The most common non-traumatic cause is the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm

A

subarachnoid

74
Q

CN I begins from the _____

A

telencephalon

75
Q

CN II begins form the _____

A

diencephalon

76
Q

CN III/IV begin from the ____

A

midbrain

77
Q

CN V-VIII begin from the ____

A

pons

78
Q

CN IX-XII begin from the ____

A

medulla

79
Q

This nerve is sensory only, gives the sense of smell.

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

80
Q

The olfactory nerve projects to the limbic system (emotions, memory, visceral reflexes). What is the significance?

A

smells can trigger memories, emotions, etc.

81
Q

This nerve is motor and supplies extraocular muscles that move the eyeball

A

occulomotor nerve (CN III)

82
Q

This nerve is motor and is the second CN involved in innervation of the extraocular eye muscles. It passes through the superior orbital fissure and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye

A

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

83
Q

This nerve is motor and sensory. It passes over the medial aspect of petrous part of temporal bone. It has three subdivisions which interface with nuclei in the brainstem

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

84
Q

This subdivision of the trigeminal nerve is sensory. It passes through the superior orbital fissure and innervates the orbital contents, parts of face, scalp, nasal cavity, sinuses, and dura

A

ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)

85
Q

This subdivision of the trigeminal nerve is motor and sensory. It passes through foramen ovale and provides sensory innervation to parts of face, TMJ, mandibular test, tongue (anterior 2/3), mouth, and dura. It proves motor innervation to muscles of mastication and several other muscles form the first pharyngeal arch

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

86
Q

This subdivision of the tirgeminal nerve is sensory. It passes through the foramen rotundum and provides sensory innervation to parts of face, nasal cavities, maxillary teeth, maxillary sinus, and dura.

A

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

87
Q

What is the mnemonic for the trigeminal nerve?

A

standing room only
V1: Superior orbital fissure
V2: foramen Rotundum
V3: foramen Ovale

88
Q

This nerve is motor. It is the third CN involved in the innervation of extra ocular eye muscles. It passes through dura covering clivus, cavernous sinus, an superior orbital fissure to innervate the lateral rectus muscles.

A

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

89
Q

This nerve is mixed, parasympathetic. It provides sensory and motor innervation to the face. After giving off branches within the petrous part of temporal bone, it exits the skull through the sylomastoid foramen.

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

90
Q

This nerve is sensory (hearing and balance). It provides sensory innervation through the vestibular nerve for balance and cochlear nerve for hearing. It projects to 4 vestibular nuclei and 2 auditory nuclei in the pons.

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

91
Q

This nerve is mixed, parasympathetic. It passes through the jugular foramen and provides motor to stylopharyngeus, parasympathetics to parotid gland, sensory for taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue and oral cavity and middle ear, sensory in carotid body and sinus.

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

92
Q

This nerve is mixed, parasympathetic and passes through the jugular foramen and provides motor innervation to muscles form 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches (laryngeal, tongue, palate); parasympathetics to smooth muscle and glands in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal viscera; sensory innervation for taste from epiglottis

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

93
Q

The axons of the olfactory receptor neurons coalesce into 20 fibers called the ___ ____, which pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate - technically the olfactory nerve

A

filia olfactoria

94
Q

On the superior surface of the cribriform plate, is the olfactory bulb which contains a group of cells termed the ____ cells

A

mitral

note: the axons of the mitral cells extend to the brain as the olfactory tract

95
Q

At the base of the forebrain, the olfactory tract divides into three branches. This sensory pathway is unusual, why?

A

bypasses thalamus and lacks a clear topographic representation

96
Q

Loss of smell most commonly arises from what?

A

nasal infection and ethmoidal fractures

97
Q

Bilateral anosmia can be psychologically debilitating due to the associated loss of ____

A

taste

98
Q

Photoreceptor neurons from the optic nerve are located within the ___ of the eye

A

retina

99
Q

The most superficial neuronal cells making up the optic nerve are the ____ cells

A

ganglion

100
Q

Immediately postero-medial to the inner opening of the optic canal, the medial fibers of the optic tract cross (decussate) at the ____ ____

A

optic chiasm

101
Q

From the optic chiasm, the two optic tracts diverge to lateral geniculate bodies of the ____

A

thalamus

Anatomy (44 decks)

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