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Abnormal Psychology > SUBSTANCE RELATED DISORDERS > Flashcards

SUBSTANCE RELATED DISORDERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Using substances like alcohol and tobacco

A) Is always indicative of a substance use disorder

B) Is statistically normal and not considered pathological

C) Reflects a strong resistance to external influences

D) Is a common symptom of avoidant personality disorder

A

B) Is statistically normal and not considered pathological

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2
Q

behaviour based on the pathological need for a substance

A) Harmless behavior

B) Pleasurable behavior

C) Addictive behavior

D) Habitual behavior

A

C) Addictive behavior

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3
Q

most commonly used substances of abuse are

A) Non-psychoactive substances

B) Psychoactive substances

C) Nutritional supplements

D) Prescription medications

A

B) Psychoactive substances

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4
Q

generally involves an excessive use of a substance resulting in (1) potentially hazardous behavior such as driving while intoxicated or (2) con-tinued use despite a persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problem.

A) Substance abuse

B) Moderate substance use

C) Responsible substance use

D) Therapeutic substance use

A

A) substance abuse

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5
Q

what term does the WHO recommend for alcohol related disorders

A) Alcohol-related disorders

B) Alcoholism

C) Alcoholic

D) Harmful use of alcohol

A

D) harmful use of alcohol

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6
Q

‘heavy episodic drinking’ is used to refer to the consumption of

A) 1-2 alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month

B) six or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month

C) moderate and consistent alcohol intake throughout the week

D) occasional light drinking on social occasions

A

B) six or more alcoholic drinks on at least one occasion at least once per month

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7
Q

the life span of the average person with alcohol dependence is about _______ than that of the average person without this disorder

A) 12 years shorter

B) 5 years longer

C) Comparable to

D) 20 years longer

A

A) 12 years shorter

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8
Q

which of the following is both a nervous system stimulant and a depressant

A) Cocaine

B) Heroin

C) Marijuana

D) Alcohol

A

D) alcohol

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9
Q

what is true regarding the developmental stage that problem drinking can occur

A) It can only develop in adolescence

B) It may develop at any life period

C) It is limited to old age

D) It exclusively occurs during early adulthood

A

B) it may develop at any life period

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10
Q

what neurotransmitter involved in judgement and self control is inhibited at higher levels of alcohol use

A) Dopamine

B) Glutamate

C) Serotonin

D) Acetylcholine

A

B) glutamate

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11
Q

what blood alcohol level disrupts the entire neural balance and the individual passes out

A) 0.01

B) 0.08

C) 1.0

D) 0.5

A

D) 0.5

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12
Q

why does unconsciousness occur above a BAC of 0.55

A) Unconsciousness is not related to BAC levels

B) It acts as a safety device because BAC above 0.55 is usually lethal

C) Unconsciousness is solely due to psychological factors

D) Higher BAC levels lead to increased awareness

A

B) it acts as a safety device because BAC above 0.55 are usually lethal

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13
Q

what do leading theories suggest about the causes of hangover

A) Lack of sleep

B) Buildup of alcohol metabolites and triggering of immune response

C) Dehydration

D) both B and C

A

D) both B and C

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14
Q

15 to 30 percent of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis of the liver, a disorder that involves

A) Enlargement of the liver

B) Extensive stiffening of the blood vessels in the liver

C) Acute inflammation of the liver

D) Enlargement of the spleen

A

B) Extensive stiffening of the blood vessels in the liver

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15
Q

what mental health problems fit the diagnostic classification of substance-induced disor-ders.

A) Anxiety disorders

B) Several acute psychotic reactions

C) Major depressive disorder

D) Bipolar disorder

A

B) Several acute psychotic reactions

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16
Q

alcohol-induced psychotic disorders

A) Only occur in individuals with a history of schizophrenia

B) Are marked by a temporary loss of contact with reality following drinking excessively over long periods of time

C) Can only happen in the absence of any other mental health disorders

D) Are permanent alterations in perception and cognition caused by alcohol use

A

B) are marked by a temporary loss of contact with reality following drinking excessively over long periods of time

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17
Q

a reaction that usually happens following a prolonged drinking spree when the person enters a state of withdrawal

A) Typical hangover

B) Chronic intoxication

C) Alcoholic blackout

D) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

A

D) alcohol withdrawal delirium

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18
Q

how long does Alcohol withdrawal delirium typically last

A) One day and is followed by 2 days of sleep

B) From 3 to 6 days and is generally followed by a deep sleep

C) Several weeks and typically results in insomnia

D) A few hours and is followed by a deep sleep

A

B) from 3 to 6 days and is generally followed by a deep sleep

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19
Q

without appropriate treatment, those with alcohol withdrawal delirium die within

A) 10 years of onset

B) 2 years of onset

C) 20 years of onset

D) 8 years of onset

A

D) 8 years of onset

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20
Q

alcohol amnestic
disorder is an alcohol related psychosis formally known as

A) Delirium tremens

B) Korsakoff’s syndrome

C) Wernicke’s encephalopathy

D) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

A

B) Korsakoff’s syndrome

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21
Q

an alcohol induced psychosis with symptoms such as disorientation for time and place, vivid hallucinations, acute fear and extreme suggestibility

A) Chronic intoxication

B) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

C) Alcohol amnestic disorder

D) Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

B) alcohol withdrawal delirium

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22
Q

an alcohol induced psychosis with symptoms such as memory defects and falsification of events

A) Chronic intoxication

B) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

C) Alcohol amnestic disorder

D) Alcohol memory disorder

A

C) alcohol amnestic
disorder

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23
Q

People with this disorder may not recognize pictures, faces, rooms, and other objects that they have just seen, although they may feel that these people or objects are familiar. Such people increasingly tend to fill in their memory gaps with confabulations that lead to unconnected and distorted associations

A) Chronic intoxication

B) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

C) Alcohol amnestic disorder

D) Alcohol memory disorder

A

C) alcohol amnestic
disorder

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24
Q

The symptoms of alcohol amnestic disorder result
from

A) Excessive alcohol consumption

B) Neurotransmitter imbalances

C) Genetic predisposition

D) Lack of vitamin B

A

D) lack of vitamin B

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25
Q

These individu-als may appear to be delirious, delusional, and disori-ented for time and place, but ordinarily their confusion and disordered actions are closely related to their attempts to fill in memory gaps

A) Chronic intoxication

B) Alcohol withdrawal delirium

C) Alcohol amnestic disorder

D) Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

C) alcohol amnestic
disorder

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26
Q

what are biological factors involved in alcohol use disorder

A)

B) activation of the pleasure pathway

C)

D)

A

B) activation of the pleasure pathway

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27
Q

what is biological view on dependence and tolerance

A) Psychological factors play a primary role in the development of tolerance and dependence.

B) Drug alters brain’s neurochemical structure and neuroadaptation to or tolerance and dependence develop.

C) Tolerance and dependence are solely influenced by environmental factors.

D) The social environment determines the development of tolerance and dependence.

A

B) drug alters brains neurochemical structure and neuroadaptation to or tolerance and dependence develops

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28
Q

what do many experts agree about when it comes to the role of heredity in addition

A) Heredity has no influence on addiction.

B) Plays an important role in a person’s sensitivity to addiction.

C) Environmental factors are the sole determinants of addiction.

D) Addiction is solely determined by cultural factors.

A

B) plays an important role in a person’s sensitivity to addiction

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29
Q

a phenomenon referred to as “alcohol flush reaction”

A) The elimination of alcohol from the body.

B) Flushing of the skin in those who are hypersensitive to alcohol.

C) A reaction to the taste of alcohol.

D) A delayed reaction to alcohol consumption.

A

B) flushing of the skin in those who are hypersensitive to alcohol

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30
Q

Much evidence implicates genetic factors in the etiology of alcohol use disorder

A) specific genes have been identified that directly cause alcohol use disorder

B) environmental factors completely overshadow the influence of genetics in alcohol use disorder

C) genetic factors play a negligible role in the development of alcohol use disorder

D) however, we do not know what precise role they play

A

D) however we do not know what precise role they play

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31
Q

. According to the reciprocal-influence model

A) genetic factors alone determine an individual’s susceptibility to alcohol use disorders

B) adolescents begin drinking as a result of expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers

C) cultural influences play a minimal role in shaping drinking behavior

D) alcohol consumption is solely influenced by external environmental factors

A

B) adolescents begin drinking as a result of expectations that using alcohol will increase their popularity and acceptance by their peers

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32
Q

according to the tension-reduction causal model

A)

B)

C)

D) individuals who abuse alcohol is discontented with his or her life and is unable or unwilling to tolerate tension and stress

A

D) individuals who abuse alcohol is discontented with his or her life and is unable or unwilling to tolerate tension and stress

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33
Q

Addictions have been described as

A) “weak willpower”

B) “Diseases of denial.”

C) Socially acceptable behaviors.

D) Personal choices with no external factors involved.

A

B) “diseases of denial”

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34
Q

what is the most effective treatment approach to drinking problems

A)

B)

C) multidisciplinary approach

D)

A

C) multidisciplinary approach

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35
Q

Why does it make sense to view addiction as a mental disorder?

a. The symptoms reflect behaviors that involve the pathological need for a substance.

b. The most effective treatments are psychological.

c. Neurochemical imbalances underlie the problematic behaviors observed.

d. Substance abuse frequently develops in an attempt to self-medicate negative mood states.

A

a. The symptoms reflect behaviors that involve the pathological need for a substance.

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36
Q

Unlike psychoactive substance abuse, psychoactive substance dependence usually involves ________

a. physiological symptoms such as tolerance and withdrawal.

b. continued use despite social and occupational problems.

c. pathological use of the substance.

d. the use of substances that laws prohibit one from buying or using.

A

a. physiological symptoms such as tolerance and withdrawal.

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37
Q

Henry used to become intoxicated after six drinks. Now he needs ten or twelve to get the same effect. This is an example of ________

a. a psychoactive substance abuse disorder.

b. tolerance.

c. withdrawal symptoms.

d. an organic impairment.

A

b. tolerance.

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38
Q

The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms ________
a. indicates that substance abuse has developed.
b. is necessary for a diagnosis of substance abuse.
c. is seen when use of any psychoactive substance is terminated.
d. signals that the body has adjusted to the presence of the drug.

A

d. signals that the body has adjusted to the presence of the drug.

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39
Q

Which of the following is a consequence of organic impairment resulting from long-term substance use, as opposed to being a consequence of drug toxicity?
a. Alcohol amnestic disorder
b. Alcoholic intoxication
c. Amphetamine delusional disorder
d. Cannabis delirium

A

a. Alcohol amnestic disorder

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40
Q

Judd has been drinking heavily for a number of years. When he is not drinking, he experiences profuse sweating and shakes. This indicates that Judd ________

a. has an organic impairment.

b. has withdrawal symptoms when he abstains from alcohol.

c. cannot be diagnosed with substance dependence.

d. has developed a tolerance for alcohol.

A

b. has withdrawal symptoms when he abstains from alcohol.

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41
Q

Which of the following is a diagnosis found in the DSM-5?

a. Alcoholism

b. Alcoholic Syndrome Disorder

c. Substance-Interdependence Disorder

d. Alcohol Use Disorder

A

d. Alcohol Use Disorder

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42
Q

Which of the following statements about alcohol problems is accurate?

a. The lifetime prevalence for alcoholism in the United States is about 30 percent.

b. The average life span of an alcoholic is 12 years shorter than the average citizen.

c. Although alcohol impairs motor behavior, it does not lower performance on complex cognitive tasks.

d. Alcohol abuse is a “pure” disorder, with less than 5 percent of alcohol abusers having a coexisting mental disorder.

A

b. The average life span of an alcoholic is 12 years shorter than the average citizen

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43
Q

Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use?
a. Alcoholism is extremely serious but rarely fatal.
b. Alcoholism is more common in women that in men.
c. Alcoholism increases the risk of suicide.
d. Alcoholism is strongly associated with accidental death, but not with violent acts.

A

c. Alcoholism increases the risk of suicide.

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44
Q

Which mental disorder is most commonly comorbid with alcoholism?
a. Panic disorder
b. Obsessive compulsive disorder
c. Dissociative amnesia
d. Depression

A

d. Depression

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45
Q

Observed changes in drinking patterns suggest that in the future ________

a. the ratio of male to female problem drinkers will increase.

b. the ratio of male to female problem drinkers will decrease.

c. the proportion of blacks that are problem drinkers will increase.

d. the proportion of blacks that are problem drinkers will decrease.

A

b. the ratio of male to female problem drinkers will decrease.

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46
Q

Of the following, who is most likely to be an alcoholic?

a. A woman with no criminal history

b. A woman with multiple children

c. A male with a personality disorder

d. A male with multiple children

A

c. A male with a personality disorder

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47
Q

Alcohol’s effect on ________ explains its ability to impair judgment.

a. dopamine

b. epinephrine

c. glutamate

d. endogenous opioids

A

c. glutamate

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48
Q

At low levels, alcohol’s effect on the brain is ________; at higher levels, alcohol’s effect is ________.

a. to inhibit glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter); release opium-like endorphins

b. too minimal to have an impact; massive and excitatory

c. depressive; excitatory

d. to activate the brain’s “pleasure centers”; depress brain functioning

A

d. to activate the brain’s “pleasure centers”; depress brain functioning

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49
Q

The cause of alcohol hangovers is not well understood, but leading theories include ________

a. opiods.

b. excess glutamate

c. dehydration.

d. vitamin B deficiency.

A

c. dehydration.

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50
Q

What evidence is there that the legal definition of alcohol intoxication (a blood alcohol content of 0.08) should be changed?

a. Most alcohol-related accidents occur at much lower blood alcohol levels.

b. Most alcohol-related accidents occur at much higher blood alcohol levels.

c. Few people show any impairment at this blood alcohol level.

d. Judgment becomes impaired long before this blood alcohol level is reached.

A

d. Judgment becomes impaired long before this blood alcohol level is reached.

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51
Q

The typical course of alcohol-related disorder is ________

a. always a continuous and gradual decline.

b. a rapid decline followed by abstinence.

c. a gradual decline followed by increasing physical problems.

d. usually progresses from early to late stage disorder.

A

d. usually progresses from early to late stage disorder.

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52
Q

Passing out from a high blood level of alcohol ________

a. may actually be a safety device.

b. means a person has not yet developed tolerance.

c. means that a person’s blackouts have worsened and increased over time.

d. may be the result of an allergic reaction to alcohol.

A

a. may actually be a safety device.

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53
Q

Which of the following is a misconception about alcohol?

a. A person with a strong will cannot become an alcoholic.

b. Alcohol can interfere with sleep.

c. Mixing different types of alcohol does not make people more drunk than the same amount of a single type.

d. Drinking coffee does not counteract the effects of alcohol.

A

a. A person with a strong will cannot become an alcoholic.

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54
Q

Which of the following best explains why women tend to not “hold their booze” as well as men?
a. Women tend to eat less.
b. Women metabolize alcohol less quickly than men.
c. Women usually drink more quickly than men.
d. Women tend to drink mixed drinks, while men prefer beer.

A

b. Women metabolize alcohol less quickly than men.

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55
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver ________

a. is a rare complication of alcoholism.

b. is due to an allergic-type reaction of the body to alcohol.

c. is caused by overworking the liver trying to assimilate large amounts of alcohol.

d. is debilitating but rarely fatal.

A

c. is caused by overworking the liver trying to assimilate large amounts of alcohol.

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56
Q

Heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause ________
a. fetal alcohol syndrome.
b. incomplete fusion of the spinal canal in the child.
c. aggressiveness and withdrawal in the child.
d. premature birth and higher rates of still-births.

A

a. fetal alcohol syndrome.

57
Q

Malnutrition ________

a. does not occur in alcoholics since alcohol provides both calories and nutrients.

b. only occurs when alcoholics are destitute and not able to afford to purchase food.

c. may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to use nutrients.

d. is rare among alcoholics because alcohol is most commonly consumed with food.

A

c. may occur in alcoholics since alcohol interferes with the body’s ability to use nutrients.

58
Q

Bertha has been drinking to excess for many years. She is malnourished. This is because ________

a. alcohol has few calories.

b. alcohol impairs the body’s ability to utilize nutrients.

c. alcoholism impairs her ability to choose healthy foods.

d. alcoholism causes people to lose their appetites.

A

b. alcohol impairs the body’s ability to utilize nutrients.

59
Q

Alcohol amnestic disorder may occur due to ________

a. low thiamine levels.

b. decreased GABA levels.

c. high opioid levels.

d. impaired serotonergic functioning.

A

a. low thiamine levels.

60
Q

Alcohol withdrawal delirium ________

a. occurs when alcohol and other drugs are used simultaneously.

b. most commonly occurs in alcoholics who suffer from a mood or personality disorder.

c. typically lasts from three to six days.

d. is characterized by dissociative and amnesic symptoms.

A

c. typically lasts from three to six days.

61
Q

Your text describes two commonly recognized psychotic reactions to alcohol. They are ________

a. alcoholic tolerance and alcoholic withdrawal.

b. what used to be called “alcohol dependence” and “alcohol withdrawal.”

c. what used to be called “delirium tremens” and “Korsakoff’s syndrome.”

d. alcohol intoxication and alcohol amnestic disorder.

A

c. what used to be called “delirium tremens” and “Korsakoff’s syndrome.”

62
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is now known as ________

a. alcoholic withdrawal.

b. alcohol withdrawal delirium.

c. delirium tremens.

d. alcohol amnestic disorder.

A

d. alcohol amnestic disorder.

63
Q

When John stopped drinking after his last week-long binge, he became very ill. He was disoriented, hallucinating, and paranoid. John seems to be experiencing ________

a. a severe hangover.

b. alcohol withdrawal delirium.

c. alcohol amnestic disorder.

d. alcohol-induced psychosis.

A

b. alcohol withdrawal delirium.

64
Q

Betty was admitted to the hospital in a state of withdrawal from alcohol. She was diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal delirium (formerly known as delirium tremens). She most likely showed which of the following behaviors?

a. Delusions of grandeur and an inability to get to sleep

b. Disorientation for time and place and vivid hallucinations

c. Severe memory deficit and the tendency to falsify reporting events (confabulation)

d. Prolonged sleep followed by convulsions and heart failure

A

b. Disorientation for time and place and vivid hallucinations

65
Q

The central feature of alcohol amnestic disorder is ________

a. the presence of hallucinations.

b. a deep sleep, following which the individual has no memory of past events.

c. acute fear and extreme suggestibility.

d. a memory defect for recent events.

A

d. a memory defect for recent events.

66
Q

Concerning the causes of alcoholism, ________

a. there are probably several different patterns of causes associated with several different types of alcohol dependence.

b. there is strong evidence that individuals at risk for alcohol dependence inherit a faulty metabolism.

c. most research evidence points to genetic liability as the primary cause of alcohol dependence in men, but not in women.

d. the causes of alcohol dependence are primarily psychosocial rather than biological in nature.

A

a. there are probably several different patterns of causes associated with several different types of alcohol dependence.

67
Q

All drugs that people become dependent upon ________

a. are socially acceptable.

b. act on pleasure pathways in the brain.

c. provide the user with renewed energy.

d. produce withdrawal symptoms when use is ceased.

A

b. act on pleasure pathways in the brain.

68
Q

What is the role of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)?

a. It is the area of the brain that is activated by drugs and that produces euphoria.

b. It is the area of the brain that is destroyed by alcohol and leads to amnestic disorder.

c. It metabolizes all psychoactive drugs.

d. It explains why genetically vulnerable individuals have altered brain wave patterns.

A

a. It is the area of the brain that is activated by drugs and that produces euphoria.

69
Q

Studies of the genetics of alcoholism ________

a. have not provided support for the notion that a susceptibility to alcoholism can be inherited.

b. are not able to determine if the tendency of alcoholism to “run in families” is a result of environmental or biological factors.

c. suggest that an inherited altered sensitivity to alcohol might create a vulnerability to alcohol abuse.

d. have identified the gene that causes alcoholism.

A

c. suggest that an inherited altered sensitivity to alcohol might create a vulnerability to alcohol abuse.

70
Q

James has two alcoholic parents. Research suggests that his risk for alcoholism is ________

a. nearly 100 percent.

b. greater than if he had one alcoholic parent.

c. no greater than if he had one alcoholic parent.

d. about 10 percent higher than if he had no alcoholic parents.

A

c. no greater than if he had one alcoholic parent.

71
Q

Men who are at high risk for becoming alcoholics ________

a. experience more pleasure when they ingest alcohol than nonalcoholic men.

b. experience greater lessening of feelings of stress after alcohol consumption than nonalcoholic men.

c. tend to be more impulsive than the general population.

d. respond less dramatically to alcohol related-cues than nonalcoholic men.

A

b. experience greater lessening of feelings of stress after alcohol consumption than nonalcoholic men.

72
Q

Which of the following men has an alcohol-risk personality?

a. Tim, who is shy, anxious, and withdrawn.

b. Brian, who is organized, detail-oriented, and ambitious.

c. Sean, who is impulsive, risk-taking, and poor at planning.

d. Art, who is frequently depressed and has a low level of self-esteem.

A

c. Sean, who is impulsive, risk-taking, and poor at planning.

73
Q

Rates of alcoholism among Asian populations are ________ than among European peoples. This fact may be related to ________.

a. higher; genetic differences in the sensitivity of the MCLP

b. higher; genetic differences in the ability to metabolize alcohol

c. lower; religious differences in the acceptability of alcohol

d. lower; a mutant enzyme that leads to hypersensitive reactions to alcohol

A

d. lower; a mutant enzyme that leads to hypersensitive reactions to alcohol

74
Q

the “alcohol flush reaction” ________

a. is seen during alcohol withdrawal.

b. produces a spike in blood pressure and body temperature.

c. results from an inability to metabolize alcohol.

d. might explain the reduced rate of alcoholism seen among Native American peoples.

A

c. results from an inability to metabolize alcohol.

75
Q

One limitation on the findings of genetic influences on alcoholism is that ________

a. not enough research has been done using twins.

b. there are so many cultural differences in the use of alcohol that it blurs the genetic differences.

c. there have not been enough studies of the majority of children of alcoholics (those who do not become alcoholics).

d. there has been too much of a focus on the study of the nonalcoholic children of alcoholics.

A

c. there have not been enough studies of the majority of children of alcoholics (those who do not become alcoholics).

76
Q

Which of the following is a common personality characteristic of those who later abuse alcohol?

a. Overly sensitive to the feelings of others

b. High tolerance for frustration

c. Strong need for praise and admiration

d. Over-certainty of ability to fulfill expected gender roles

A

c. Strong need for praise and admiration

77
Q

Which parenting skill or parental behavior is most associated with adolescent substance use?

a. Overindulging children by giving them too many gifts and privileges

b. Restricting children from any form of experimentation with alcohol and other drugs

c. Restricting the expression of positive emotions

d. Lack of monitoring the adolescent’s activities

A

d. Lack of monitoring the adolescent’s activities

78
Q

Persons at high risk for developing alcohol-related problems tend to be more ________ than those at low risk.

a. impulsive

b. vain

c. dependent

d. submissive

A

a. impulsive

79
Q

Which statement about alcohol abuse disorders and other psychological disorders is accurate?

a. Since alcohol has a negative effect on neurotransmitters, it is extremely rare for people with schizophrenia to become alcohol or drug dependent.

b. Since alcohol has an anti-anxiety effect, most of the people who are alcohol dependent and have another disorder suffer from generalized anxiety disorder.

c. The personality disorder most often associated with alcohol abuse is antisocial personality disorder.

d. The personality disorder most often associated with alcohol abuse is obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

A

c. The personality disorder most often associated with alcohol abuse is antisocial personality disorder.

80
Q

The individual with which of the following diagnoses is most likely to also abuse alcohol?

a. Borderline personality disorder

b. Antisocial personality disorder

c. Dissociative identity disorder

d. Somatization disorder

A

b. Antisocial personality disorder

81
Q

According to the tension-reduction explanation for alcoholism, ________

a. alcoholics drink more because they are under greater stress.

b. all those who experience stress-reduction following alcohol consumption are at an increased risk for alcoholism.

c. alcoholics do not get “high” when they drink, they merely experience a decrease in negative mood states.

d. alcohol’s ability to alleviate tension should be enhanced in those with a genetic susceptibility to alcoholism.

A

b. all those who experience stress-reduction following alcohol consumption are at an increased risk for alcoholism.

82
Q

The tension-reduction model of alcoholism ________

a. does not explain why some excessive drinkers are able to maintain control over their drinking while others are not.

b. suggests that alcoholism is environmentally determined.

c. proposes that alcoholism is an incurable disease.

d. provides an explanation for the role that personality traits play in the development of alcohol abuse.

A

a. does not explain why some excessive drinkers are able to maintain control over their drinking while others are not.

83
Q

The reciprocal influence model of alcohol use suggests that ________

a. expectancies of social benefit can influence adolescents to begin or to continue drinking.

b. the final common pathway of alcohol use is motivation.

c. alcoholics are especially intolerant of stress, and thus susceptible to the tension-reducing properties of alcohol.

d. marital partners may enable one another to continue drinking.

A

a. expectancies of social benefit can influence adolescents to begin or to continue drinking.

84
Q

The reciprocal influence model is best described as a ________ explanation for teen drinking.

a. behavioral

b. cognitive

c. psychodynamic

d. sociocultural

A

b. cognitive

85
Q

The reciprocal influence model suggests that ________

a. teens will start drinking early no matter what.

b. it may be possible to interrupt the cycle by changing expectancies about drinking.

c. it would be hard to interrupt the cycle because most teens’ expectancies about drinking are accurate.

d. even with different expectancies, teens still drink.

A

b. it may be possible to interrupt the cycle by changing expectancies about drinking.

86
Q

Problematic drinking behavior commonly develops during ________

a. a period of great success in an individual’s life.

b. old age.

c. crisis periods in a marriage or other intimate personal relationship.

d. the transition to middle age.

A

c. crisis periods in a marriage or other intimate personal relationship.

87
Q

A moderating variable is ________

a. something that makes a person more or less likely to inherit a disorder such as alcoholism.

b. something that influences the connection between two other variables.

c. something that causes alcoholics not to have as strong a reaction to alcohol as earlier.

d. something that causes some alcoholics not to have as much impairment as others.

A

b. something that influences the connection between two other variables.

88
Q

An example of a moderating influence would be ________

a. the effect of time on outcome expectancy about alcohol.

b. a wife enabling her husband to continue drinking by making excuses for him.

c. a gene that reduces the chances of a person becoming an alcoholic.

d. the impact of therapy on the divorce and suicide rates of alcoholics.

A

a. the effect of time on outcome expectancy about alcohol.

89
Q

Bill is an alcoholic. His wife, Marge, has a lot of ready excuses she uses to explain his frequent absences to his boss, their friends, and their children. This is an example of ________

a. how marriages of alcoholics often last a long time.

b. why treatment needs to include identifying factors that may encourage drinking.

c. how marriage can increase the risk of alcoholism.

d. why most alcoholics rate their marriages as successful.

A

b. why treatment needs to include identifying factors that may encourage drinking.

90
Q

Binge drinking in college ________

a. is not as common as most people think.

b. leads to alcoholism later in life.

c. can lead to many alcohol-related health and life problems.

d. leads to more problems for men than women.

A

c. can lead to many alcohol-related health and life problems.

91
Q

The incidence of alcoholism among Muslims and Mormons is low because ________

a. individuals who practice these religions are likely to live in areas where alcohol is not readily available.

b. these religions prohibit alcohol consumption.

c. members of both groups are likely to have inherited an inability to metabolize alcohol properly.

d. strong family and community bonds protect these populations from all psychological disorders.

A

b. these religions prohibit alcohol consumption.

92
Q

Rosa has been admitted to the hospital and is in acute alcohol withdrawal. She is given the drug _________, which is in a category of drugs that has largely revolutionized the treatment of withdrawal. symptoms.

a. Vitamin B.

b. Narcan.

c. Antabuse.

d. Valium.

A

d. Valium.

93
Q

Which of the following is the most significant barrier to getting an alcoholic into treatment?

a. The availability of alcohol

b. The detoxification process

c. Overcoming denial

d. Finding a suitable treatment program

A

c. Overcoming denial

94
Q

Why might opiate antagonists be used in the treatment of alcoholism?

a. To minimize withdrawal

b. To minimize cravings

c. To make alcohol aversive

d. To prevent alcohol from acting on the brain’s reward system

A

b. To minimize cravings

95
Q

What complicates the use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism?

a. While it lessens cravings, it does nothing to improve negative mood states.

b. There is a risk of dependence.

c. It has to be administered intravenously.

d. Exposure to all alcohol must be avoided.

A

d. Exposure to all alcohol must be avoided.

96
Q

Randy has been dependent on alcohol for at least 10 years. Drinking has ruined his marriage, his occupational standing, and his health. If a friend told Randy that he needed to enter treatment, and Randy responded the way most alcohol dependent people do, he would probably say ________

a. “Alcohol is my enemy but I don’t think I am strong enough to combat it.”

b. “I have an addictive personality and without help, I will never overcome my addiction.”

c. “You have a very good point; I need to do some serious thinking about getting treatment.”

d. “Who do you think you are attacking me? You are the one with the problem.”

A

d. “Who do you think you are attacking me? You are the one with the problem.”

97
Q

Adam and Beth are both being treated for alcohol dependence by being given medications. Adam’s medication makes him vomit if he drinks after taking it. Beth’s medication reduces her craving for alcohol. Most likely Adam is taking ________; Beth is taking ________.

a. methadone; Naltrexone

b. Naltrexone; methadone

c. methadone; Antabuse

d. Antabuse; Naltrexone

A

d. Antabuse; Naltrexone

98
Q

The first stage in the treatment of any form of substance dependence is ________

a. group psychotherapy.

b. treating physical withdrawal symptoms.

c. the use of Antabuse.

d. the administration of antidepressants.

A

b. treating physical withdrawal symptoms.

99
Q

Aversive conditioning therapy for alcoholics ________

a. punishes the alcoholic for drinking by making him or her sick after drinking.

b. uses educational and life skills training to help the alcoholic understand the negative aspects of drinking.

c. includes family members to try to help the alcoholic understand the harm his or her behaviors have done.

d. involves pairing alcohol with something unpleasant like electric shock.

A

d. involves pairing alcohol with something unpleasant like electric shock.

100
Q

Controlled drinking (i.e., teaching alcoholics to drink in moderation) ________

a. has been generally accepted as a useful treatment.

b. is incorporated in Brief Motivational Intervention

c. works better than complete abstinence.

d. seems to work for people with less severe alcohol problems.

A

d. seems to work for people with less severe alcohol problems.

101
Q

“I am a person who has an affliction—I cannot drink like social drinkers. Spiritual change may help me in recovering from my addiction, but I will be an alcoholic for life.” The person who said this would feel most comfortable in ________.

a. relapse prevention

b. Alcoholics Anonymous

c. aversive conditioning treatment

d. a replacement program

A

b. Alcoholics Anonymous

102
Q

In contrast to some other treatment programs, Alcoholics Anonymous ________

a. offers both group and person-to-person support.

b. is successful, but only with severe alcoholics who have “hit bottom.”

c. uses primarily psychodynamic interventions, although advocates of AA would disagree.

d. has a low dropout rate.

A

a. offers both group and person-to-person support.

103
Q

Which statement about Project MATCH is accurate?

a. It showed that matching a client’s personality to a form of treatment makes no difference.

b. It proved that treatment based on Alcoholics Anonymous is superior to other forms of treatment.

c. It showed that treatments only work when they are carefully matched with the personality profiles of the clients in them.

d. It proved that therapists must establish warm relationships with their clients in order for therapy to be effective.

A

a. It showed that matching a client’s personality to a form of treatment makes no difference.

104
Q

Which type of treatment for alcoholism has been found to be most effective?

a. Inpatient treatment

b. Outpatient treatment

c. Twelve-step programs

d. All were about equal

A

d. All were about equal

105
Q

The abstinence violation effect is ________

a. the relapse rate percentage used in treatment outcome studies of addicts.

b. the effect that physiologically addicting drugs have in making continued abstinence difficult.

c. the tendency of an abstainer to relapse completely after a minor transgression.

d. the Alcoholics Anonymous phrase for relapsing.

A

c. the tendency of an abstainer to relapse completely after a minor transgression.

106
Q

What type of treatment focuses primarily on clients learning to recognize situations that are likely to trigger drinking?

a. Alcoholics Anonymous

b. Motivational Enhancement Therapy

c. Relapse Prevention Treatment

d. Abstinence Violation Prevention

A

c. Relapse Prevention Treatment

107
Q

Which of the following is an opiate?
a. Alcohol
b. Codeine
c. Marijuana
d. Tobacco

A

b. Codeine

108
Q

An estimated ________ Americans ages 12 years or older report using at least one illicit drug during the past year

a. 2.16 million.
b. 5.28 million.
c. 21.6 million
d. 52.8 million .

A

c. 21.6 million

109
Q

Which of the following is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen?
a. Amphetamine
b. Cocaine
c. Ecstasy
d. Mescaline

A

c. Ecstasy

110
Q

Which of the following drugs are chemically similar to MDMA (Ecstasy)?
a. Methamphetamine and LSD
b. Cocaine and mescaline
c. Methamphetamine and mescaline
d. Cocaine and LSD

A

c. Methamphetamine and mescaline

111
Q

Illicit drug use is most common in what age group?
a. 8 to 12 year olds
b. 19 to 28 year olds
c. 35 to 47 year olds
d. 65 to 80 year olds

A

b. 19 to 28 year olds

112
Q

Opium and heroin ________

a. were originally used by physicians as pain relievers.

b. have always been two of the most abused illegal drugs.

c. induce euphoria but do not reduce pain.

d. control pain only if they are used to cause unconsciousness.

A

a. were originally used by physicians as pain relievers.

113
Q

In 2011, which of the following accounted for approximately 20 percent of all drug-related emergency room admissions?
a. Cocaine
b. Ecstasy
c. Barbiturates
d. Heroin

A

d. Heroin

114
Q

Opium and its derivatives ________
a. typically take several months to produce physiological cravings.
b. cause withdrawal symptoms in addicts within approximately 8 hours of the last dose.
c. always cause near fatal withdrawal symptoms.
d. cause amnesia with long-term use.

A

cause withdrawal symptoms in addicts within approximately 8 hours of the last dose.

115
Q

The main reason addicts gave for beginning to use heroin was ________
a. pleasure.
b. pain reduction.
c. depression.
d. mental illness.

A

pleasure.

116
Q

Endorphins ________
a. have been found to play a role in ending drug use.
b. are opium-like substances produced by the body.
c. are opium-like substances created synthetically to replace heroin.
d. are overproduced in the brains of addicts.

A

are opium-like substances produced by the body.

117
Q

The use of methadone in the treatment of heroin dependence is comparable to ________
a. using naltrexone to treat alcoholism.
b. using Antabuse to treat alcoholism.
c. using a nicotine patch to aid in smoking cessation.
d. using antidepressants as an aid to smoking cessation.

A

using a nicotine patch to aid in smoking cessation.

118
Q

Who has the highest self-reported quit rate among smokers?
a. Young adults who have just started smoking
b. People who used nicotine replacement such as gum
c. People who were hospitalized for cancer or lung problems
d. People who underwent cognitive behavior treatment

A

People who were hospitalized for cancer or lung problems

119
Q

________ has its primary effect by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter, increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse.
a. Alcohol
b. Tobacco
c. LSD
d. Cocaine

A

Cocaine

120
Q

“Crack” is a form of ________
a. amphetamine.
b. cocaine.
c. ecstasy.
d. methamphetamine.

A

cocaine.

121
Q

Which statement about crack cocaine use is accurate?

a. Because crack cocaine is inexpensive, users do not have the life problems seen in other addicted populations.

b. Chronic users develop sexual dysfunctions and a disinterest in sex.

c. Research suggests there is no fetal crack syndrome.

d. Because crack cocaine is associated with passivity and depression, chronic users are less likely to die a violent death than other addicted populations.

A

Research suggests there is no fetal crack syndrome.

122
Q

Children of mothers who use crack ________
a. are likely to have fetal crack syndrome.
b. usually have no physical or mental problems.
c. are at risk for being mistreated by their mothers.
d. are at higher risk for anxiety disorders and ADHD.

A

are at risk for being mistreated by their mothers.

123
Q

Benzedrine is a(n) ________
a. amphetamine.
b. appetite stimulant.
c. narcotic.
d. cough suppressant.

A

amphetamine.

124
Q

Today physicians occasionally prescribe amphetamines for which of the following reasons?
a. Weight gain.
b. Staying awake, such as to drive or study.
c. Treating narcolepsy.
d. Treating depression in children.

A

Treating narcolepsy.

125
Q

Amphetamine psychosis resembles ________
a. acute hypertension.
b. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
c. paranoid schizophrenia.
d. borderline personality disorder.

A

paranoid schizophrenia.

126
Q

Which of the following has legitimate medical uses, but is associated with both physiological and psychological dependence and lethal overdoses?

a. Cocaine

b. Barbiturates

c. Heroin

d. LSD

A

Barbiturates

127
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be used to produce sleep?

a. Barbiturates

b. Mescaline

c. Morphine

d. Codeine

A

Barbiturates

128
Q

Impaired memory and concentration, sluggishness, lack of motor coordination, and brain damage are side effects associated with excessive use of ________

a. stimulants.

b. antihistamines.

c. sedatives.

d. antidepressants.

A

sedatives.

129
Q

Which of the following people is most likely to be dependent on barbiturates?

a. A teenaged boy who is often impulsive and aggressive

b. An undereducated member of a minority group who has antisocial personality disorder

c. An anxious young adult who takes the drugs to feel more confident

d. Middle-aged and older persons who cannot get to sleep without them

A

Middle-aged and older persons who cannot get to sleep without them

130
Q

Barbiturate withdrawal ________

a. is similar to withdrawal from cocaine and opium.

b. is more dangerous and long-lasting than opiate withdrawal.

c. causes psychological distress but no withdrawal symptoms.

d. lasts for a short time but is very painful.

A

is more dangerous and long-lasting than opiate withdrawal.

130
Q

Barbiturate withdrawal ________

a. usually lasts several months.

b. is purely psychological.

c. is far less serious than opiate withdrawal.

d. can be minimized by administering increasingly smaller doses.

A

can be minimized by administering increasingly smaller doses.

130
Q

An involuntary reoccurrence of perceptual distortions can occur weeks or months after taking a particular drug. The phenomenon is called ________; the drug is called ________.

a. amphetamine psychosis; amphetamine

b. a flashback; LSD

c. a rush; LSD

d. a blackout; alcohol

A

a flashback; LSD

130
Q

The hallucinogenic properties of LSD was discovered by accident in 1938 by ________

a. Sigmund Freud.

b. Albert Hofmann.

c. Timothy Leary.

d. Corey Monteith.

A

Albert Hofmann.

131
Q

Brendan has been using marijuana daily for more than six years. If he stops using the drug, he might experience ________

a. withdrawal-like symptoms such as nervousness and changes in sleeping and eating.

b. a period of extreme depression and lethargy, but no physiological symptoms.

c. a potentially lethal withdrawal phase.

d. slowed reaction times, increased heart rate, and memory dysfunction.

A

withdrawal-like symptoms such as nervousness and changes in sleeping and eating.

132
Q

“Spice,” “K2,” and “Blaze” are names for ________________.

a. MDMA

b. LSD

c. Synthetic cannabinoids

d. Cannabis

A

Synthetic cannabinoids

133
Q

Pathological gambling seems to be________________

a. a learned pattern.

b. due to watching too much television.

c. due to a “gambling gene.”

d. due to consuming too much alcohol.

A

a learned pattern.

134
Q

Which of the following behaviors is indicative of a gambling disorder?

a. Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling.

b. Is restless or irritable when gambling.

c. Only gambles “for fun” or when feeling “on top of the world.”

d. The gambling behavior is part of a manic episode.

A

a. Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling.

135
Q

More positive outcomes have been reported when ____________ for gambling disorder.

a. aversive therapy is part of the treatment

b. medication is employed as part of the treatment

c. group therapy is included within the treatment plan

d. family relationship problems are addressed in the treatment.

A

family relationship problems are addressed in treatment.

Abnormal Psychology (48 decks)

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