Etiology

Question 1

when thinking about PTSD what are two things that need to be kept in mind about riskl

A)

B)

C) there is a risk for experiencing trauma and a risk for PTSD

D)

Answer 1

C) there is a risk for experiencing trauma and a risk for PTSD

Question 2

what are risk factors that increase the likelihood of being exposed to trauma

A)

B) being male and extraversion

C) being female and introversion

D)

Answer 2

B) being male and extraversion

Question 3

what is a risk factor that for increased risk for developing PTSD

A)

B) being female and neuroticism

C)

D)

Answer 3

B) being female and neuroticism

Question 4

according to biological factors associated with PTSD

A) Dopamine dysregulation is the primary factor in PTSD

B) Cortisol is elevated in people with PTSD when exposed to stress

C) Elevated cortisol levels in individuals without PTSD

D) Baseline levels of cortisol are similar in those with PTSD compared to controls

Answer 4

D) Baseline levels of cortisol are similar in those with PTSD compared to controls

Question 5

according to biological factors associated with the increased risk of developing PTSD

A) People with a history of high-risk behaviors

B) People with the serotonin transporter gene are at higher risk of developing PTSD

C) Individuals with strong social support systems are immune to PTSD

D) Genetic factors have no impact on the development of PTSD

Answer 5

B) people with the serotonin transporter gene are at higher risk of development of PTSD

Question 6

according to studies on those with PTSD, what brain area is reduced

A) hypothalamus

B) amygdala

C) brain stem

D) hippocampus

Answer 6

D) hippocampus

Question 7

what is one major problem with biological research in the area of brain abnormalities associated with PTSD

A) brain abnormalities associated with PTSD are also found in people who are depressed

B)

C)

D)

Answer 7

A) brain abnormalities associated with PTSD are also found in people who are depressed

Question 8

according to sociocultural factors associated with PTSD, who are more likely to have PTSD

A) new zealanders

B) asian

C) african american

D) whites

Answer 8

C) african american

Question 9

according to the psychoanalytic view, phobias represent

A)

B)

C)

D) a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed impulses from the id

Answer 9

D) a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed impulses from the id

Question 10

according to Wolpe and Rachman, the development of phobic behaviour occurs when

A)

B)

C)

D) a fear response is conditioned when previously neutral stimuli is paired with traumatic or painful events

Answer 10

D) a fear response is conditioned when previously neutral stimuli is paired with traumatic or painful events

Question 11

according to learning accounts of phobia

A)

B)

C) parents reactions to scary or threatening events can either serve to increase or decrease a childs later fear to similar events

D)

Answer 11

C) parents reactions to scary or threatening events can either serve to increase or decrease a childs later fear to similar events

Question 12

according to evolutionary preparedness for learning certain fears and phobias

A)

B) people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our early ancestors

C)

D)

Answer 12

B) people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our early ancestors

Question 13

according to prepared learning, “prepared” fears are

A) easily acquired and resistant to extinction

B) inborn and innate

C)

D)

Answer 13

A) easily acquired and resistant to extinction

Question 14

according to biological causal factors of phobias

A) All phobias have a genetic basis.

B) carriers of the seretonin transporter gene show decreased conditioning than those without the s allele

C) carriers of the serotonin transporter gene show superior conditioning than those without the s allele

D) Genetic factors have a universal impact on conditioning in individuals with phobias.

Answer 14

C) carriers of the serotonin transporter (the s allele) gene show superior conditioning than those without the s allele

Question 15

according to the learning view social anxiety

A) social fears and phobia evolved as a by-product of dominance hierarchies that are a common social arrangement among animals such as pri-mates

B) social anxiety originates from experiencing or witnessing a perceived social defeat or humiliation, or being or witnessing the target of anger or criticism

C) people with social anxiety tend to expect that other people will reject or negatively evaluate them

D) none of the above

Answer 15

B) social anxiety originates from experiencing or witnessing a perceived social defeat or humiliation, or being or witnessing the target of anger or criticism

Question 16

according to evolutionary context of social fears and phobias

A)

B) social fears and phobia evolved as a by-product of dominance hierarchies

C)

D)

Question 17

if social anxiety evolved as a by-product of dominance hierarchies, then it is not surprising that

A)

B)

C) humans have an evolutionarily based predisposition to acquire fears of social stimuli that signal dominance and aggression from other humans

D)

Answer 17

C) humans have an evolutionarily based predisposition to acquire fears of social stimuli that signal dominance and aggression from other humans