PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS TEST BANK

Question 1

what time limited studies typically focus on patients who have a single DSM diagnosis

A) Comorbidity investigations

B) Longitudinal studies

C) Naturalistic studies

D) Efficacy studies

Answer 1

D) efficacy studies

Question 2

Which of the following does not describe a reluctant client?

A child whose parents make them go to therapy.

Substance abuse users.

Court-ordered domestic violence.

An individual experiencing anxiety.

Answer 2

An individual experiencing anxiety.

Question 3

What is one way that efficacy of treatments cannot be measured?

Client ratings.

Animal models.

Behaviour change.

Objective markers of change.

Answer 3

Animal models.

Question 4

A benefit of independent third-party ratings are?

Third parties are motivated to see gains made by the client.

Third parties provide a biological reason for treatment change.

Third parties may be more objective.

Clients are not able to fake improvement.

Answer 4

Third parties may be more objective.

Question 5

Who generally performs psychotherapy?

A clergy member.

General practice physician.

Anyone who is a trained trusted advisor.

None of the above.

Answer 5

None of the above.

Question 6

Why are control groups important?

It means the treatment has proven efficacy before being used.

It increases the sample size.

They control for placebo and time-related effects.

It controls for therapist experience.

Answer 6

They control for placebo and time-related effects.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about medication and psychotherapy?

Medications are always more effective in the short-term.

Evidence suggests pharmacological treatments are effective for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder but not for other mental illnesses.

Combined treatments are always superior to medication OR psychotherapy.

None of the above.

Answer 7

None of the above.

Question 8

Jane is scared of dogs. Her therapist had Jane write a list of different fears about dogs and then had Jane engage in each behaviour

Systematic reinforcement.

Modelling.

Systematic desensitisation.

Aversion therapy.

Answer 8

Systematic desensitisation.

Question 9

What is a positive response to medication?

When a client reports a 50% improvement of symptoms.

When a client reports any improvement of symptoms.

When a client reports a full remission of symptoms.

When a client reports no symptoms for 6-12 months.

Answer 9

When a client reports a 50% improvement of symptoms.

Question 10

Electroconvulsive therapy:

is used for individuals with severe depression, and sometimes mania.

takes approximately 20 sessions.

is safely administered only once per week.

all of the above.

Answer 10

is used for individuals with severe depression, and sometimes mania.

Question 11

Cognitive behavioural therapy:

should only be used for adults.

should only be used in combination with medication.

is the front line treatment for severe psychotic depression.

is used to treat a broad range of mental illnesses for depression to anger control.

Answer 11

is used to treat a broad range of mental illnesses for depression to anger control.

Question 12

in approx 5-10% of cases, patients report detrimental effects as a result of therapy, what do many of these effects result from

A)

B)

C) therapist engaging in boundary violations

D)

Question 13

In what way does therapy differ from simply talking to a friend or family member about a problem?

a) Therapy takes time, while a friend’s guidance is more likely to lead to a ‘quick fix’ of the problem.

b) Friends provide empathy, while a professional therapist does not

c) A therapist’s interaction with a client is guided by theory

d) Therapists will seek to determine the underlying issues that have created a problem

Answer 13

c) A therapist’s interaction with a client is guided by theory

Question 14

Which of the following is a disadvantage of psychotherapy?
a) It is ineffective in treating severe mental disorders
b) It takes time
c) It is significantly more expensive than all other forms of treatment
d) It is generally less effective than talking out your problems with a friend or family member

Answer 14

b) It takes time

Question 15

What recent changes have altered the types of therapy that are available?

a) There is an increased need to prove that therapy is effective

b) Psychiatrists are hesitant to write prescriptions for many drugs

c) The increased use of nurses as therapy providers has increased the use of drugs in many community health settings

d) Many popular therapies have been found to do more harm than good

Answer 15

a) There is an increased need to prove that therapy is effective

Question 16

Which of the following statements about therapy is true?

a) Males are more reluctant than females to seek help for their problems

b) Few therapies have been found to be effective

c) Therapy is usually the most expensive approach to a problem

d) Each therapist has his or her own approach to therapy and does not alter this approach for different clients

Answer 16

a) Males are more reluctant than females to seek help for their problems

Question 17

Individuals vary tremendously in their degree of motivation for psychological treatment. Who is likely to be the most motivated?

a) Harvey, who is going through a job layoff and feels overwhelmed by the crisis

b) Jennifer, who was referred by the court to undergo therapy because of a drunk driving charge

c) Marvin, whose wife has said she will divorce him unless he gets treatment for his compulsive gambling

d) Barry, who is sure he has a heart condition but whose cardiologist suggests he needs psychotherapy to cope with stress better

Answer 17

a) Harvey, who is going through a job layoff and feels overwhelmed by the crisis

Question 18

Which person described below is the ‘typical’ client in psychotherapy?

a) A middle-aged woman with a long history of psychotic behaviour

b) an attractive and verbal college student

c) A man who has been coerced into treatment by the legal system

d) There is no ‘typical’ client

Answer 18

d) There is no ‘typical’ client

Question 19

Which of the following is the best example of a ‘model’ therapy session?

a) A child with ADHD is taught ways to filter out distractions

b) A woman with anxiety disorder is taught relaxation techniques

c) An alcoholic sees a therapist, attends AA meetings, and is taking an antidepressant medication

d) There is no ‘ model’ therapy

Answer 19

d) There is no ‘ model’ therapy

Question 20

What two professional groups deal extensively with emotional problems but typically do not have specific training in counselling?

a) Physicians and the clergy

b) Physicians and psychiatrists

c) The clergy and psychiatric social workers

d) Psychiatrists and the clergy

Answer 20

a) Physicians and the clergy

Question 21

Which type of mental health professional is able to prescribe psychoactive medications in every state?

a) clinical psychologist

b) Psychiatrist

c) Psychiatric nurse

d) Psychiatric social worker

Answer 21

b) Psychiatrist

Question 23

The current practice of providing treatment stresses _________

a the value of confining a patient to a mental hospital.

b the individual’s responsibility for finding a personal solution to his or her problems.

c the coordination of services in the community.

d turning over to the patient’s family the responsibility for behaviour change.

Answer 23

c the coordination of services in the community.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about therapy is TRUE?
a. Even people who are happy and successful can benefit from therapy.
b. Few therapies have been found to be effective.
c. Therapy is usually the most expensive approach to a problem.
d. Each therapist has his or her own approach to therapy and does not alter this approach for different clients.

Answer 24

a. Even people who are happy and successful can benefit from therapy.

Question 25

In general, psychiatrists tend to treat mental disorders by ________ and psychologists by ________.
a. examining and changing behavior and thought patterns; prescribing medications
b. prescribing medications; examining and changing behavior and thought patterns
c. supportive therapy; behavior therapy
d. hospitalization; supportive therapy

Answer 25

b. prescribing medications; examining and changing behavior and thought patterns

Question 26

Which of the following is believed to be essential for effective treatment?
a. A warm and loving relationship between the therapist and client
b. Family involvement
c. Client reliance on the therapist for direction and guidance
d. Agreement between the client and therapist about the goals of treatment

Answer 26

d. Agreement between the client and therapist about the goals of treatment

Question 27

The outcome of psychotherapy is usually dependent on whether the therapist and client achieve
a. a certain similarity of personal style.
b. mutual self-disclosure.
c. an explicit therapeutic contract.
d. a productive working alliance

Answer 27

d. a productive working alliance

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an element of a therapeutic alliance?
a. A sense of working together to solve a problem
b. Client acceptance of the therapist’s theoretical orientation
c. Agreement between client and therapist about the goals of therapy
d. An affective bond between the client and therapist

Answer 28

b. Client acceptance of the therapist’s theoretical orientation

Question 29

Andrea begins therapy and expects that the therapy will help her. This expectancy
a. is necessary to produce positive change.
b. may be enough by itself to produce positive change.
c. is helpful in psychodynamic therapy, but irrelevant to cognitive and behavioral interventions.
d. is irrelevant to the change process.

Answer 29

b. may be enough by itself to produce positive change.

Question 30

Which of the following would be the most objective way of evaluating treatment success?
a. Gathering information about the therapist’s impression of the changes that have occurred
b. Looking at the client’s reports of change
c. Asking the client’s family and friends to report on the progress they have observed
d. Measuring the change in through personality tests and other instruments

Answer 30

d. Measuring the change in through personality tests and other instruments

Question 31

Therapy outcome studies depend on ratings of the changes seen in clients. One reason that therapists’ ratings may be unreliable is because

a. they cannot see the client’s behavior in a range of settings.

b. they have a limited range of clients on whom to compare an individual client’s improvement.

c. they usually base their judgments on superficial personality tests.

d. they are not in a good position to compare behavior before and after treatment.

Answer 31

a. they cannot see the client’s behavior in a range of settings.

Question 32

The advantage of using outside independent observers or pre/post test comparisons to evaluate a client’s progress is that

a. they take less time and are less costly.

b. they increase the objectivity of ratings over those given by the people involved in treatment.

c. they ensure that there is no “regression to the mean” phenomenon.

d. they provide a valid prediction of how the client will behave in real life.

Answer 32

b. they increase the objectivity of ratings over those given by the people involved in treatment.

Question 33

Which of the following is the most significant challenge to establishing that therapy is effective?

a. Placebo effects commonly occur.

b. It is impossible to assess anything in therapy..

c. Many people improve without formal treatment.

d. Few psychotherapies are more effective than medical treatments.

Answer 33

c. Many people improve without formal treatment.

Question 34

To summarize what is known about psychotherapy effectiveness, we can say that

a. the chances of an average client benefiting significantly are impressive.

b. for disorders that have a brief duration, treatment provides no obvious benefit.

c. degree of improvement and number of therapy sessions are unrelated.

d. all therapy outcomes are positive or neutral, none are negative.

Answer 34

a. the chances of an average client benefiting significantly are impressive.

Question 35

Which statement about negative outcomes in psychotherapy is accurate?

a. Nearly one-half of all therapeutic encounters are rated by clients as “negative” or “harmful.”

b. The primary reason for negative outcomes is a lack of training and therapeutic skill on the part of the therapist.

c. When a sexual relationship occurs between therapist and patient, it is harmful to the patient.

d. The vast majority of negative outcomes turn out to be reported in fraudulent or frivolous lawsuits brought by clients.

Answer 35

c. When a sexual relationship occurs between therapist and patient, it is harmful to the patient.

Question 36

A randomized clinical trial

a. is a study where all subjects are treated the same to see what percentage of the total gets better, stays the same, or gets worse.

b. is a study where people are assigned to different types of treatment by the flip of a coin to see which treatment is best.

c. is a study where people go through different treatments in random order to see which one works best.

d. is a study where people are assigned to different groups by a flip of a coin, one-half to a treatment group and one-half to a seemingly identical placebo group.

Answer 36

d. is a study where people are assigned to different groups by a flip of a coin, one-half to a treatment group and one-half to a seemingly identical placebo group.

Question 37

What does it meant to say that a study is “double-blind”?
a. Each patient receives both the drug being tested and a placebo, so that the effects of the drug can be compared to the effects of the patient’s expectations.
b. While the patient is aware to what treatment he or she is receiving, his or her family, friends, and therapist are not.
c. Both the patient being given the drug and whoever will evaluate the drug’s effects do not know whether the patient was given the treatment or the placebo.
d. Two conditions are used, a treatment and a placebo.

Answer 37

c. Both the patient being given the drug and whoever will evaluate the drug’s effects do not know whether

Question 38

Which of the following is a challenge of conducting randomized clinical trials of the effectiveness of therapy?

a. The client will never find out whether or not he or she was treated.

b. Most clients will never improve on their own without treatment.

c. There is little variation between different types of therapy.

d. Even therapists who use the same techniques will differ in their delivery.

Answer 38

d. Even therapists who use the same techniques will differ in their delivery.

Question 39

What is usually used as a placebo in a study of psychosocial treatments?
a. A sugar pill
b. A wait list
c. Self-help meetings
d. Group therapy

Answer 39

b. A wait list

Question 40

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the use of drugs to treat psychological disorders?
a. Relapse is likely when drugs use is terminated.
b. Drugs are rarely effective in controlling psychotic symptoms.
c. They decrease the need for hospitalization.
d. They alter brain chemistry.

Answer 40

a. Relapse is likely when drugs use is terminated.

Question 41

Manualized therapies first originated in order to:
a. treat bipolor disorder
b. to standardize psychosocial treatments for RCTs
c. keep therapists acting ethically
d. aid sleep researchers

Answer 41

b. to standardize psychosocial treatments for RCTs

Question 42

How commonly are medications and therapy combined today?

a. Combined treatments tend to only be used in an inpatient setting.

b. Approximately 75 percent of those with a mental illness are treated with therapy alone, 10 percent use medications only, and just 15 percent are treated with both.

c. While the combined approach is commonly used in the treatment of children, the same is not true in the adult population where the “quick fix” of a medication is the norm.

d. Research suggests that many of those in treatment receive both psychotherapy and medication.

Answer 42

d. Research suggests that many of those in treatment receive both psychotherapy and medication.

Question 43

What do the medications used to treat mental illnesses do?
a. Cure the illness
b. Restore brain chemistry to normal functioning
c. Replace depleted neurotransmitters
d. Treat the symptoms of the illness with biochemical changes

Answer 43

d. Treat the symptoms of the illness with biochemical changes

Question 44

Drugs that block dopamine receptors are most likely to be used to
a. distort perception.
b. alleviate depression.
c. stabilize mood.
d. treat psychotic disorders.

Answer 44

d. treat psychotic disorders.

Question 44

Under what circumstances might the use of medications prior to psychotherapy be essential?
a. When the patient is suicidal
b. When the patient won’t admit that they have a problem
c. When the patient’s symptoms are so severe that they make psychotherapy impossible
d. When a quick cure is needed

Answer 44

c. When the patient’s symptoms are so severe that they make psychotherapy impossible

Question 44

What has research on the use of a combined approach to the treatment of depression demonstrated?
a. Medication alone yields the best results.
b. Psychotherapy alone yields the best results.
c. Psychotherapy in combination with a placebo or medication yields the best results.
d. Medication in combination with therapy yields the best results.

Answer 44

d. Medication in combination with therapy yields the best results.

Question 45

Why is a drug that is long-acting desirable?
a. It will work quickly.
b. It will need to be taken less frequently.
c. The likelihood of side effects is decreased.
d. It will be quickly metabolized or excreted.

Answer 45

b. It will need to be taken less frequently.

Question 46

The conventional antipsychotic drugs have a problematic side effect involving abnormal movement. This side effect is called
a. agranulocytosis.
b. monoamine oxidase.
c. tardive dyskinesia.
d. atypical neuroleptics.

Answer 46

c. tardive dyskinesia.

Question 47

A major advantage of the atypical antipsychotic drugs is that
a. they work better than the conventional ones.
b. they work for more people than the conventional ones.
c. they have a low risk of movement-related side effects.
d. they last longer than the conventional ones.

Answer 47

c. they have a low risk of movement-related side effects.

Question 48

An example of an atypical antipsychotic not considered as a first choice treatment is:
a. haldol
b. clozapine
c. risperidone
d. zyprexa

Answer 48

b. clozapine

Question 49

Which of the following is a type of “classical antidepressant”?
a. GABA agonists
b. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
c. neuroleptics
d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Answer 49

b. monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 50

Prozac is a
a. GABA agonist.
b. monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
c. neuroleptic.
d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Answer 50

d. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

Question 51

Why are the SSRIs the most commonly used antidepressants today?
a. Because they only have minimal effects on dopamine, they are less likely to produce side effects.
b. They are more effective than the classic tricyclic antidepressants.
c. Their side effects are more tolerable than those of the first-generation antidepressants.
d. They are not addictive.

Answer 51

c. Their side effects are more tolerable than those of the first-generation antidepressants.

Question 52

Julia has just been prescribed a monoamine oxidase inhibitor to treat her depression. What warning should her doctor give her?
a. Stay out of the sun.
b. Be careful what you eat.
c. Don’t try to drive a car.
d. You may find that you can’t achieve orgasm.

Answer 52

b. Be careful what you eat.

Question 53

The mechanisms of antidepressant medications suggests that
a. low dopamine levels are the underlying problem in depression.
b. the effectiveness of the TCAs and SSRIs is largely a placebo effect.
c. altered synaptic activity is not the source of a depressed mood state.
d. changes in cellular functioning are necessary to alleviate the symptoms of depression.

Answer 53

d. changes in cellular functioning are necessary to alleviate the symptoms of depression.

Question 54

Because much of Donald’s depression is a result of his lack of a healthy sexual relationship with his wife, Dr. Jones figured that the best drug to treat him with would be
a. Chlorpromazine.
b. Prozac.
c. Wellbutrin.
d. Zoloft.

Answer 54

c. Wellbutrin.

Question 55

Antidepressants are used to treat all of the following EXCEPT
a. panic disorder.
b. bulimia.
c. borderline personality disorder.
d. schizophrenia.

Answer 55

d. schizophrenia.

Question 56

Psychological and physiological dependence is a well-documented danger of using
a. anxiolytics.
b. neuroleptics.
c. antipsychotics.
d. lithium.

Answer 56

a. anxiolytics.

Question 57

___________________ is not a problem associated with the benzodiazepines.

a. Risk of withdrawal symptoms if the patient stops them suddenly
b. High relapse rates when stopped
c. Tardive dyskinesia
d. Psychological dependence

Answer 57

c. Tardive dyskinesia

Question 58

Valium exerts its anxiolytic effects by increasing the activity of
a. acetylcholine.
b. dopamine.
c. epinephrine.
d. GABA.

Answer 58

d. GABA.

Question 59

Oscar has been prescribed the following drugs over the years: Valium, Serax, Xanax, and Ativan. We can guess that Oscar has had problems with

a. positive symptom schizophrenia.
b. mood swings.
c. depression and anger control.
d. anxiety.

Answer 59

d. anxiety.

Question 60

. Suzanne is taking a benzodiazepine to treat her anxiety. She should be concerned that

a. mania is a relatively common side effect.
b. she may become physically dependent on the drug.
c. while her anxiety is likely to be diminished, her adaptive behaviors also are likely to become increasingly impaired.
d. when taken in high dosages, the drugs have potentially serious effects on a woman’s reproductive ability.

Answer 60

b. she may become physically dependent on the drug.

Question 61

While most antianxiety drugs act on ________, Buspar acts primarily on
________.
a. serotonin; GABA
b. serotonin; epinephrine
c. GABA; serotonin
d. GABA; epinephrine

Answer 61

c. GABA; serotonin

Question 62

The newer antianxiety drug Buspar has the advantage that
a. it has a low potential for abuse.
b. it works better than other antianxiety drugs.
c. it works on more anxiety disorders than the other drugs.
d. it works faster than the other drugs.

Answer 62

a. it has a low potential for abuse.

Question 63

The use of lithium in the United States was delayed due to
a. the stigma associated with mental illness.
b. its addiction potential.
c. a lack of evidence to demonstrate that it was effective.
d. the fact that it could not be patented.

Answer 63

d. the fact that it could not be patented.

Question 64

Lithium was once used
a. to treat anxiety.
b. as a salt substitute.
c. to alleviate constipation.
d. as an appetite suppressant.

Answer 64

b. as a salt substitute.

Question 65

The main use of lithium is for
a. anxiety disorders.
b. personality disorders.
c. major depressive disorder.
d. bipolar disorder.

Answer 65

d. bipolar disorder.

Question 66

For bipolar patients, the risk of relapse after discontinuing lithium is
a. roughly 50 percent within six months.
b. not much higher than when people remain on the medication.
c. extremely unlikely.
d. about 15 percent, but only for people who have experienced repeated bouts with mania.

Answer 66

a. roughly 50 percent within six months.

Question 67

The process by which lithium reduces the likelihood of mood swings
a. involves changes in stress hormones including cortisol.
b. alters GABA levels, although exactly how it does this is unknown.
c. is a combination of reuptake inhibition and receptor site blockades among serotonin and dopamine tracts.
d. is unknown at this time.

Answer 67

d. is unknown at this time.

Question 68

A doctor prescribing lithium should NEVER say

a. “This drug has a narrow range of effectiveness, so you need to have your blood levels monitored often.”

b. “In order for this drug to work, you need to take quantities that are within the range of potentially dangerous side effects.”

c. “We are going to ‘target dose’ your lithium: When you feel symptoms coming on, take your medication.”

d. “Along with the benefits of mood stabilization, you may experience increased thirst and weight gain along with a sense of lethargy.”

Answer 68

c. “We are going to ‘target dose’ your lithium: When you feel symptoms coming on, take your medication.”

Question 69

What do lithium carbonate, carbamazepine (Tegretol), and valproate (Depakote) have in common?
a. They are benzodiazepines.
b. They are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
c. They are atypical antipsychotic drugs.
d. They are all mood-stabilizing drugs.

Answer 69

d. They are all mood-stabilizing drugs.

Question 70

The use of electroconvulsive therapy can be traced to
a. the observation that people were rarely depressed after being struck by lightning.
b. the belief that schizophrenia and epilepsy are rarely comorbid disorders.
c. the recognition that electricity could be used to alter brain chemistry.
d. the use of electrical shock as an instrument of torture.

Answer 70

b. the belief that schizophrenia and epilepsy are rarely comorbid disorders.

Question 71

ECT has been found to be an effective treatment for
a. anxiety disorders.
b. depression.
c. epilepsy.
d. schizophrenia.

Answer 71

b. depression.

Question 72

Sarah has just received her first treatment of electroconvulsive therapy. She is most likely to
a. experience auditory hallucinations for a brief time afterward.
b. suffer tonic and clonic seizures over the next week.
c. feel more clearheaded and less depressed following the first two to three sessions.
d. experience amnesia and confusion for an hour after the treatment.

Answer 72

d. experience amnesia and confusion for an hour after the treatment.

Question 73

Which of the following would be the most likely candidate for ECT?
a. A 22-year-old schizophrenic
b. A middle-aged depressed woman who has just begun taking antidepressants
c. A pregnant and depressed 25 year-old
d. A 30-year-old man who has generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 73

c. A pregnant and depressed 25 year-old

Question 74

A Nobel Prize winning treatment for schizophrenia was
a. the SSRIs.
b. prefrontal lobotomies.
c. ECT.
d. token economies.

Answer 74

b. prefrontal lobotomies.

Question 75

In the mid-1900s, prefrontal lobotomies were popular as a treatment because
a. there were not many other available treatments.
b. they worked so well.
c. they worked faster than any other treatment.
d. they worked for so many disorders.

Answer 75

a. there were not many other available treatments.

Question 75

Today, neurosurgery
a. is still used, including prefrontal lobotomies, on patients who have not responded to any other treatment.
b. is used as a last resort and involves the destruction of only tiny areas of the brain.
c. is done frequently for certain types of psychological illnesses, such as obsessive compulsive disorder.
d. is no longer done for any psychological disorder.

Answer 75

b. is used as a last resort and involves the destruction of only tiny areas of the brain.

Question 76

Behavior therapy is based on the belief that

a. medications cause more harm than good.
b. internal states, such as thoughts and feelings, are not as important as overt behavior.
c. abnormal behavior is learned the same ways as normal behavior and can be unlearned.
d. thoughts influence behavior and thoughts can be changed.

Answer 76

c. abnormal behavior is learned the same ways as normal behavior and can be unlearned.

Question 77

Dr. Hart says, “For me, the goal of treatment is not to uncover inner conflicts, but to help the client achieve adaptive responses that he or she can control and maintain through self-monitoring.” Dr. Hart probably considers herself a ________ therapist.

a. behavior
b. psychodynamically oriented
c. humanistic
d. family systems

Answer 77

a. behavior

Question 78

Which of the following is a form of behavior therapy that is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
a. Rational emotive behavior therapy
b. Stress-inoculation therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Systematic desensitization

Answer 78

d. Systematic desensitization

Question 79

Chrissy and her therapist together wrote a list of ten scenes involving Chrissy’s fear of flying. After teaching her a relaxation technique, Chrissy’s therapist told her to imagine herself in the least frightening scene while she made herself feel relaxed. Chrissy was undergoing
a. exposure in vivo.
b. systematic desensitization.
c. modeling therapy.
d. rational emotive therapy.

Answer 79

b. systematic desensitization.

Question 80

Punishment is a component of
a. EMDR therapy.
b. modeling.
c. aversion therapy.
d. systematic desensitization.

Answer 80

c. aversion therapy.

Question 81

The use of drugs that have noxious effects and viewing movies that elicit disgust are both techniques associated with
a. token economies.
b. aversion therapy.
c. guided exposure therapy.
d. EMDR therapy.

Answer 81

b. aversion therapy.

Question 82

Yuko is painfully shy. Her therapist first shows her appropriate social skills so she can interact competently with others. Then Yuko attempts the same behavior while getting feedback. This illustrates the behavior therapy technique called

a. guided exposure.
b. covert sensitization.
c. modeling.
d. contingency management.

Answer 82

c. modeling.

Question 83

a token economy is
a. a form of imaginal exposure therapy.
b. a type of in vivo exposure therapy.
c. a type of contingency management.
d. a form of modeling therapy.

Answer 83

c. a type of contingency management.

Question 84

Dennis has disorganized type of schizophrenia. He has lived in an institution for years. He rarely shows any attempt at socializing. A new program is started - every time Dennis speaks to another person he is given a piece of red paper. At the end of each week, he can use the red papers to get cigarettes or extra privileges. This new program is

a. an in vivo exposure program.

b. a token economy.

c. guided exposure.

d. modeling.

Answer 84

b. a token economy.

Question 85

While ________ can be used in treatment, it also a means by which problematic behaviors are acquired when others’ behavior is problematic.

a. imaginal exposure
b. systematic desensitization
c. modeling
d. contingency management

Answer 85

c. modeling

Question 86

Lawrence, a hypochondriac, gains a great deal of attention from his family when he complains about health problems; they tend to ignore him when he talks about other topics. A behavior therapist has instructed the family to reverse these responses: ignore the complaints and reinforce other topics. What kind of treatment does this best illustrate?

a. Aversion therapy

b. Contingency management

c. Guided exposure

d. Systematic desensitization

Answer 86

b. Contingency management

Question 87

The text reported the case of a 6-year-old boy who hated school and showed off in class. His parents and teacher were instructed to ignore the showing-off behavior while reinforcing appropriate behavior. This is an example of
a. systematic use of reinforcement.
b. modeling.
c. aversion therapy.
d. systematic desensitization.

Answer 87

a. systematic use of reinforcement.

Question 88

Which of the following is an advantage of behavior therapy?
a. It targets specific emotions and thoughts.
b. It works well if a problem is vague and ill-defined.
c. It works even though there is no scientific support for it.
d. It usually achieves results in a relatively short period of time.

Answer 88

d. It usually achieves results in a relatively short period of time.

Question 89

For which client is behavior therapy most likely to be effective?
a. Wilson, whose complaint is fear of spiders.
b. Angela, who has a variety of personality disorders.
c. Colin, who is struggling with vague concerns about his career and marital prospects.
d. Tamara, who is trying to understand the origins of her personality.

Answer 89

a. Wilson, whose complaint is fear of spiders.

Question 90

Cognitive-behavioral therapy
a. denies the importance of reinforcement and punishment.
b. assumes that thinking influences emotion, motivation, and behavior.
c. assumes that behavior must change before cognitive changes can occur.
d. suggests that the therapist should take a less active role than is typically the case in behavior therapies.

Answer 90

b. assumes that thinking influences emotion, motivation, and behavior.

Question 91

The basic assumption of cognitive-behavior therapy is
a. problems develop because people view themselves and their world in biased ways.
b. abnormal behavior is learned like normal behavior and can be unlearned.
c. people have the freedom and responsibility to control their own lives.
d. only observable behaviors can really be changed.

Answer 91

a. problems develop because people view themselves and their world in biased ways.

Question 92

Abby is participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat her depression. Her therapist

a. will help her conduct “experiments” to test a variety of hypotheses about the accuracy of her cognitions.

b. will use empathy and accurate reflection so that Abby will come to accept the ways she interprets her experience.

c. will be nondirective in helping her change.

d. will demonstrate ways of acting and then ask her to imitate these.

Answer 92

a. will help her conduct “experiments” to test a variety of hypotheses about the accuracy of her cognitions.

Question 93

Dr. Lucas says to a client with anxiety disorders, “It is your unrealistic beliefs and perfectionistic values that cause you to be so anxious, not the events of your life.” Dr. Lucas probably supports the assumptions of ________ therapy.

a. humanistic

b. psychodynamic

c. rational emotive behavior

d. systematic desensitization

Answer 93

c. rational emotive behavior

Question 94

According to rational-emotive behavior therapy, which of the following is one of the irrational beliefs at the core of psychological maladjustment?

a. Moderation in all activities leads to greater long-term satisfaction.

b. One should be thoroughly competent and intelligent in all respects.

c. It is undesirable when things are not the way we would like them to be.

d. One should do everything possible, within one’s means, to live a fulfilling life.

Answer 94

b. One should be thoroughly competent and intelligent in all respects.

Question 95

In Beck’s cognitive therapy, an early “homework” assignment would be
a. learning to relax.
b. listing one’s beliefs about one’s competencies.
c. recording one’s automatic thoughts and any associated emotional reactions.
d. intentionally facing situations that one believes are emotionally overwhelming.

Answer 95

c. recording one’s automatic thoughts and any associated emotional reactions.

Question 96

Which of the following is an advantage of using Beck’s cognitive treatment for depression, as compared to drugs?

a. The likelihood of relapse is decreased.
b. It is clearly more effective.
c. It works quickly.
d. The changes it produces in the brain are permanent, while the effects of drugs are only temporary.

Answer 96

a. The likelihood of relapse is decreased.

Question 97

________ therapies developed in reaction to problems of alienation, loneliness, and failure to find meaning in life.
a. Humanistic-experiential
b. Cognitive
c. Object relations
d. Family

Answer 97

a. Humanistic-experiential

Question 98

Humanistic-experiential therapies are based in the belief that psychopathology is a result of
a. faulty learning.
b. self-defeating thinking.
c. early parental interactions.
d. lack of fulfillment.

Answer 98

d. lack of fulfillment.

Question 99

Joan was surprised that, when she went to therapy, her therapist didn’t ask her questions, but just listened to her talk. She said she felt very comfortable with the therapist and felt she could say anything at all and be accepted, unlike with her critical parents. She said she could try out new ideas and the therapist was always warm and nonjudgmental. Joan was probably in
a. rational emotive therapy.
b. psychodynamic therapy.
c. systematic desensitization.
d. client-centered therapy.

Answer 99

d. client-centered therapy.

Question 100

According to the views of Carl Rogers, what is an important component in therapy?
a. Strict rules and much guidance
b. Empathy with the patient
c. Restructuring thought processes
d. Reinforcing adaptive behaviors with rewards

Answer 100

b. Empathy with the patient

Question 101

In contrast to most other forms of therapy, the client-centered therapist
a. focuses on present concerns rather than past problems.
b. does not give answers or interpretations nor even steer the client onto certain topics.
c. teaches a new set of beliefs and values so the client can cope more effectively.
d. helps make the client’s unconscious concerns conscious.

Answer 101

b. does not give answers or interpretations nor even steer the client onto certain topics.

Question 102

Key ideas in Gestalt therapy are
a. irrational beliefs, interpersonal conflicts, and unconscious impulses.
b. empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
c. integration of mind and body, dream interpretation, and emotional impasse.
d. genetics, early childhood training, and social stressors.

Answer 102

c. integration of mind and body, dream interpretation, and emotional impasse.

Question 103

Gestalt therapy is commonly conducted in which of the following forms?
a. individual therapy
b. pharmacotherapy
c. behavior therapy
d. group therapy

Answer 103

d. group therapy

Question 104

Which of the following is a criticism of humanistic-experiential therapies?
a. Too focused on behavior
b. Impersonal approach
c. Too much emphasis on early experiences
d. Goals are not clear

Answer 104

d. Goals are not clear

Question 105

Dr. Patel says this about his goals in therapy: “I want my patients to become aware of their repressed memories from childhood and come to terms with them in the light of adult realities.” Dr. Patel most likely prefers ________ therapy.
a. flooding
b. gestalt
c. psychodynamic
d. cognitive

Answer 105

c. psychodynamic

Question 106

A psychotherapist says to her client, “Say whatever comes to your mind, no matter how strange or painful it may seem.” The psychotherapist is encouraging
a. transference.
b. resistance.
c. free association.
d. counter-transference.

Answer 106

c. free association.

Question 107

The technique of free association is designed to
a. help the client feel understood and not judged.
b. help the client fully experience his or her emotions during therapy.
c. explore unconscious and preconscious material.
d. keep the client in the present.

Answer 107

c. explore unconscious and preconscious material.

Question 108

Jack tells his therapist about a dream in which he struggles to drive a car that takes him in directions he does not want to go. The therapist interprets the dream to mean that Jack is trying to get control of his career future but feels he is being controlled by others. This suggests that the

a. manifest content of the dream is the issue of Jack’s career future.

b. latent content of the dream is the story of trying to drive the car.

c. manifest content of the dream is the story of trying to drive the car.

d. the therapist is trying to get Jack to argue with him or her.

Answer 108

c. manifest content of the dream is the story of trying to drive the car.

Question 109

Freud called dreams “the royal road to the unconscious” because
a. he believed they kept people from uncovering their true feelings.
b. he believed people intentionally dreamed about material they wanted to discuss in therapy but were afraid to.
c. he believed defenses were lowered during sleep and repressed material would start to come out in dreams.
d. he believed people would only tell him about unimportant dreams, so he could dismiss the topics they brought up.

Answer 109

c. he believed defenses were lowered during sleep and repressed material would start to come out in dreams.

Question 110

According to psychoanalysts, what is the therapist’s task when doing dream analysis?
a. Overcome the client’s natural tendency to resist change.
b. Uncover the disguised meanings of the manifest content.
c. Explain that the latent and manifest content have little to do with one another.
d. Reduce the client’s tendency to use transference when he/she remembers a dream.

Answer 110

b. Uncover the disguised meanings of the manifest content.

Question 111

Which of the following best illustrates the analysis of resistance?

a. Noting that the client is able to talk freely about his mother but not report anything about his father
b. Asking the client to say whatever comes into his/her head, regardless of how silly it sounds
c. Explaining that a dream about riding a wild horse in a tunnel suggests strong sexual urges
d. Reminding a client who has become insulting toward a female therapist that she is, after all, a helping professional and not the client’s abusive mother

Answer 111

a. Noting that the client is able to talk freely about his mother but not report anything about his father

Question 112

A son of a critical father comes to therapy one day and with no provocation is extremely hostile in his remarks to the therapist. The therapist might consider that ________ is occurring.
a. free association
b. countertransference
c. transference
d. resistance

Answer 112

c. transference

Question 113

How has psychodynamic therapy changed over time?
a. It focuses on all relationships, not just early experiences.
b. Many elements of behavior therapy have been incorporated.
c. Transference is no longer used.
d. It differs little from client-centered therapy.

Answer 113

a. It focuses on all relationships, not just early experiences.

Question 114

Psychodynamic interpersonally oriented therapies agree with classical psychoanalysis in the importance of
a. focusing on the transference neurosis.
b. the transformation of sexual energy into neurotic behaviors.
c. understanding the present in terms of the past.
d. the therapist being passive and impersonal.

Answer 114

c. understanding the present in terms of the past.

Question 115

An analysis of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy found that
a. there is great promise in it for borderline personality disorder.
b. results of this therapy are largely unsuccessful.
c. those that stress traditional psychoanalytic principles have the highest degree of success.
d. the interpersonal forms of treatment are among the least useful.

Answer 115

a. there is great promise in it for borderline personality disorder.

Question 116

Traditional behavioral couples therapy

a. uses training in communication skills and problems solving to increase caring behaviors in couples.

b. tries to involve spouses in the treatment of people with severe mental disorders to prevent relapse after they are released from the hospital.

c. treats the couple together for any problems that only one of them has, because the couple is seen as a “system” that influences each other.

d. uses training in relaxation skills and imagery to reduce anxiety in couples.

Answer 116

a. uses training in communication skills and problems solving to increase caring behaviors in couples

Question 117

A clinical psychologist who said that maladaptive behaviors are shared between members of a relationship and not just the responsibility of an individual would be in harmony with therapists who take the ________ approach.
a. humanistic
b. classical psychoanalytic
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. family therapy

Answer 117

d. family therapy

Question 118

One criticism of traditional behavioral couple therapy has been
a. its focus on faulty role expectations.
b. the assumption that a good marriage requires an underlying friendship.
c. the belief that keeping channels of communication open will help solve problems.
d. the emphasis on change.

Answer 118

d. the emphasis on change.

Question 119

What led to the development of family therapy?
a. The observation that signs of mental illness often were seen in more than one family member
b. The recognition that most psychological disorders can be attributed to and cause dysfunctional relationships
c. The realization that the family environment played a role in whether relapse occurred
d. The established importance of the interaction of nature and nurture in the development if all forms of psychopathology

Answer 119

c. The realization that the family environment played a role in whether relapse occurred

Question 120

The Brady family is attending family therapy sessions. The therapist has told them, “If the whole family context changes, Marcia’s problem behavior will change as well.” The family therapist probably agrees with the ________ therapy approach.
a. structural family
b. behavioral family
c. cognitive
d. conjoint family

Answer 120

a. structural family

Question 121

In structural family therapy,
a. the therapist is very directive in order to break up the existing power structure in the family.
b. the focus is on past interactions as they have given rise to present problems.
c. the therapist initially acts like one of the family and participates in family interactions.
d. the therapist adopts a Rogerian approach, focusing on good listening skills and clarification.

Answer 121

c. the therapist initially acts like one of the family and participates in family interactions.

Question 122

When asked what their orientation is, what do most of today’s psychotherapists say?
a. Behavioral
b. Cognitive-behavioral
c. Eclectic
d. Interpersonal

Answer 122

c. Eclectic

Question 123

. A good example of psychotherapy being used as a guardian of the status quo
a. occurs when psychotherapy is viewed as a set of tools rather than a system of ethics.
b. is when a Rogerian therapist takes a nondirective approach with a client.
c. occurred when psychiatry was used as a means of political control in the former Soviet Union.
d. happens when therapists disregard their therapeutic approach and use whatever technique works for the client.

Answer 123

c. occurred when psychiatry was used as a means of political control in the former Soviet Union.

Question 124

. Psychotherapy is best viewed as
a. a set of tools.
b. a system of ethics.
c. a means of keeping society “sick.”
d. a form of mind control.

Answer 124

a. a set of tools.

Question 125

Research on the impact of matching the client’s race and ethnicity with the
therapist’s indicates that
a. racial matching is crucial to success, but ethnic matching is less conclusive.
b. there is no solid evidence that outcomes are diminished when client and therapist are not matched.
c. while clients do not care whether there is a match, outcomes are influenced by a lack of matching.
d. racial matching is crucial to success, but matching on the client’s primary language is not.

Answer 125

b. there is no solid evidence that outcomes are diminished when client and therapist are not matched.

Question 126

a technique in which the therapist ties together a client’s often disconnected ideas, beliefs, and actions into a meaningful explanation to help the client gain insight into the relationship between maladaptive behavior and unconscious events.

a. Resistance

b. Transference

c. Free association

d. Analytic interpretation

Answer 126

d. Analytic interpretation

Question 127

what is an example of eclectic/multimodal therapy

A) systematic reinforcement

B) interpersonal therapy

C) client centred therapy

D) all the above

Answer 127

B) interpersonal therapy

Question 128

what is interpersonal therapy based on

A)

B) Sullivans interpersonal theory and Beck’s cognitive theory

C) Sullivans interpersonal theory and Bowlby’s attachment theory

D)

Answer 128

C) Sullivans interpersonal theory and Bowlbys attachment theory

Question 129

what does interpersonal therapy emphasis in treatment

A) the past

B) the present

C) the future

D) all of the above

Answer 129

B) the present

Question 130

the central idea of this treatment is that all of us, at all times, involuntarily invoke schemas acquired from our earliest interactions with others, such as our par-ents, in interpreting what is going on in our current relationships.

A) client centred therapy

B) interpersonal therapy

C) transference-focused psychotherapy

D) object relations

Answer 130

B) interpersonal therapy

Question 130

transference-focused psychotherapy focuses on

A) resolving clients ambivalence about change

B) the present

C) clarification, confrontation, and interpretation

D) empathic reflecting

Answer 130

C) clarification, confrontation, and interpretation

Question 131

this treatment approach uses such techniques as clarification, confrontation, and interpretation to help the patient understand and correct the distortions that occur in his or her perception of other people, including the therapist

A) client centred therapy

B) interpersonal therapy

C) transference-focused psychotherapy

D) object relations

Answer 131

C) transference-focused psychotherapy