CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENCE Flashcards
what was the turning point that occured in which efforts to assess, treat and understand maladaptive behavior patterns in children and adolescents
A) young people mental health movement
B) mental health movement
C) child movement
D) none of the above
B) mental health movement
what is the prevalence in which children and adolescents meet criteria for at least one mental disorder by the age of 18 years
A) 20%
B) 80%
C) 10%
D) 50%
D) 50%
what disorder has the earliest onset
A) mood disorders
B) substance use disorders
C) behaviour disorders
D) anxiety disorders
D) anxiety disorders
at what age do suicidal thoughts and behaviors begin
A) 12
B) 8
C) 18
D) 5
A) 12
what is an important factor when assessing childhood disorders
A) viewing a child’s behavior in the context of normal development
B) Focusing solely on current symptoms
C) Ignoring the child’s family background
D) Disregarding the child’s cultural background
A) viewing a child’s behavior in the context of normal development
what field focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur
A) Abnormal psychology
B) Child psychology
C) Developmental psychopathology
D) Clinical psychology
C) developmental psychopathology
which of the following is NOT an important consideration when evaluating the presence or extent of mental health problems in children and adolescents
A) they perception of immediately perceived threatening events
B) that they do not have a complex and realistic view of themselves and the world
C) their lack of experience in dealing with adversity
D) their level of intelligence and academic achievement
D) their level of intelligence and academic achievement
the DSM-I was the first DSM to include emotional and behaviour problems in childhood and adolescence, what was a limitation of this DSM?
A) It lacked specificity and detailed criteria for childhood disorders
B) It only included 2 disorders for children and adolescents
C) It exclusively focused on physical health issues in children
D) It provided comprehensive coverage of all childhood disorders
B) it only included 2 disorders for children and adolescents
what was the greatest problem in the early system used for classifying disorders in childhood and adolescence
A) Lack of specificity in diagnostic criteria
B) Overemphasis on cultural factors
C) Limited focus on biological influences
D) Classification for adults was used for childhood problems
D) classification for adults was used for childhood problems
what is one limitation of the early classification system for disorders in childhood and adolescence
A) Ignored environmental factors
B) Placed too much emphasis on biological factors
C) Overemphasized cultural influences
D) Focused exclusively on cognitive factors
A) ignored environmental factors
what important factor plays a role in the expression of symptoms in childhood and adolescence
A) Biological factors
B) Development
C) Environment
D) Cultural factors
C) environment
which of the following disorder does NOT always have an onset in childhood and adolescence
A) mood disorders
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) neurodevelopmental disorders
D) conduct disorder
A) mood disorders
in relation to separation anxiety disorder, what is a clear identifying factor in childhood and adolescence
A) Psychosocial stressor
B) Genetic predisposition
C) Social isolation
D) Traumatic event
A) psychosocial stressor
what factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders in children
A) Genetic factors
B) Social and cultural factors
C) Environmental factors
D) Physical health factors
B) social and cultural factors
what is the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence
A) SSRIs
B) benzodiazepines
C) SNRIs
D) no medication is used for childhood disorders
B) benzodiazepines
what psychosocial treatment has shown to be highly effective at reducing anxiety symptoms in young children
A) Desensitization therapy
B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C) Psychodynamic therapy
D) Medication therapy
B) CBT
what modification has been made in the DSM for diagnosing depression in childhood and adolescence
A) Greater emphasis on environmental factors
B) Inclusion of irritability as a diagnostic criterion
C) Exclusion of family history
D) Requirement for prolonged duration of symptoms
B) Inclusion of irritability as a diagnostic criterion
“irritability” is used in childhood depression diagnosis, what does this symptom substitute in relation to symptoms found in adult depression
A) diminished concentration
B) sadness
C) depressed mood
D) sleep problems
C) depressed mood
what is one factor related to depression in children
A) Prenatal exposure to alcohol
B) High socioeconomic status
C) Positive life events
D) Lack of family history of depression
A) prenatal exposure to alcohol
what has research suggested in relation to the effectiveness of medication to treat childhood and adolescent depression
A) its mixed
B) its effective
C) medication is not prescribed to children and adolescence
D) none of the above
A) its mixed
what are anxiety and depressive disorders referred to as
A) adaptive disorders
B) maladaptive disorders
C) internalising disorders
D) externalising disorders
C) internalising disorders
what are the two most common externalising disorders
A) ADHD and conduct disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
C) anxiety disorders and oppositional disorder
D) anxiety disorder and depressive disorders
B) oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder
a disorder marked by recurrent pattern of negativistic, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority
A) conduct disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) juvenile delinquency
D) anxiety disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
for a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder, the behaviour must persist for how long
A) 3 months
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 month
D) 6 month
D) 6 month
which of the following is NOT a subtype of opposition defiant disorder
A) angry/irritable mood
B) violation of rules
C) vindictiveness
D) argumentative/defiant behavior
B) violation of rules
. Prospective studies have found a developmental sequence from ODD to what disorder
A) ADHD
B) conduct disorder
C) impulse disorder
D) anxiety disorders
B) conduct disorder
virtually all cases of conduct disorder are preceded developmentally by
A) ADHD
B) depressive disorder
C) impulse disorder
D) opposition defiant disorder
D) opposition defiant disorder
disorder characterized by a persistent, repetitive violation of rules and a disregard for the rights of others
A) conduct disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) ADHD
D) depressive disorder
A) conduct disorder
why is there a great deal of variability in the clinical presentation of this conduct disorder
A) because the DSM does not have specific criteria for conduct disorder
B) because any 3 combination of the 15 symptoms listed in the DSM can occur
C) because any 5 combination of the 15 symptoms listed in the DSM can occur
D) none of the above
B) because any 3 combination of the 15 symptoms can occur
what disorder significantly increases the risk of pregnancy and substance abuse in teenage girls
A) ADHD
B) conduct disorder
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) anxiety disorders
B) conduct disorder
what is an effective treatment strategy for conduct disorder?
A) family therapy
B) behavioural training
C) cohesive family model
D) CBT
C) cohesive family model
how does the cohesive family model conceptualise opposition defiant disorder and conduct disorder
A) learned through punishment
B) reinforced and maintained by ineffective parenting practices
C) purely genetic in origin
D) a result of neurological abnormalities
B) reinforced and maintained by ineffective parenting practices
which of the following is an effective strategy in treating opposition defiant disorder and conduct disorder
A) family therapy
B) parent management training
C) CBT
D) talk therapy
B) parent management training
what treatment is used to teach parents how to effectively prompt and rein-force prosocial behaviors while ignoring aggressive or antisocial behaviors
A) family therapy
B) parent management training
C) CBT
D) talk therapy
B) parent management training
what do elimination disorders involve
A) Maladaptive patterns
B) A single outstanding symptom
C) Multiple symptoms related to elimination
D) Developmental delays
B) A single outstanding symptom
what term is used to refer to the habitual involuntary discharge of urine, usually at night
A) relief
B) enuresis
C) encopresis
D) elimination
B) enuresis
what is the term used in the DSM-5 to refer to an elimination disorder described as bed-wetting that is not organically caused
A) secondary enuresis
B) functional enuresis
C) primary enuresis
D) continence
B) functional enuresis
what is true regarding children who have primary functional enuresis
A) they have been continent
B) they have never been continent
C) They experienced a temporary phase of incontinence
D) They developed enuresis after a period of continence
B) they have never been continent
what is true regarding children who have secondary functional enuresis
A) They have never achieved continence
B) They have experienced continuous bedwetting since birth
C) They consistently wet the bed throughout childhood without any breaks
D) They have been continent for a year but have regressed
D) they have been continent for a year but have regressed
what has proved to be highly
effective treatment for enuresis
A) Medication
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Play therapy
D) Conditioning procedures
D) conditioning procedures
at what age would the term enuresis be used
A) 3
B) 9
C) 5
D) 7
C) 5
what term is used to describes a symptom disorder of children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4
A) relief
B) enuresis
C) encopresis
D) elimination
C) encopresis
what are a group of conditions characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be the result of disruptions to normal brain development
A) Neurodevelopmental disorders
B) Psychotic disorders
C) Neurological disorders
D) Personality disorders
A) Neurodevelopmental disorders
how many symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of ADHD
A) 3
B) 6
C) 4
D) 8
B) 6
what is the frequency in which symptoms must persist for a diagnosis of ADHD
A) 12 months
B) 3 weeks
C) 3 months
D) 6 months
D) 6 months
when is autism usually identified
A) before age 2
B) at 6 months
C) after age 3
D) before 30 months of age
D) before 30 months of age
at what age do children who were later diagnosed with autism start to show a decline in their focus on the eyes of others
A) 24 months
B) 2-6 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years
B) 2-6 months
what is the term used to describe the parrot like repetition of a few words found in childs with autism
A) echopraxia
B) palilalia
C) parrotalia
D) echolalia
D) echolalia
Lovaas reported an intensive behavioural intervention administered one on one for children with autims provided positive results, what is the time frame in which this treatment is administered?
A) 30 hours per month for 1 year
B) 40 hours per week for 2 years
C) 30 hours per month for 2 years
D) 10 hours per week for 1 year
B) 40 hours per week for 2 years
Lovaas (1987) intensive behavioural intervention administered to children with autism is based on what
A) pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned response
B) punishment and negative reinforcement
C) reinforcement and extinction
D) reinforcement and punishment
D) reinforcement and punishment
an intervention for autism involing intensive behavioral work with the child and parent(s) focused on interpersonal exchanges, verbal and nonverbal communication, and adult sensitivity to children’s cues.
A) Reinforcement and punishment model
B) Early Start Denver Model
C) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
D) Play therapy
B) Early start denver model
(occursmore more than 20 hours per week)
Tic disorders are classified under what in the DSM-5
A) Anxiety disorders
B) Motor disorders
C) Neurodevelopmental disorders
D) Mood disorders
B) motor disorders
Tics occur most frequently between the ages
A) 8-14
B) 14-28
C) 1-5
D) 5-8
A) 8-14
what is true regarding tic disorders
A) they may sometimes be aware of the tic but usually the persons performs the act habitually and does not notice it
B) they come to attention when they occur
C) tics are always out of consciousness awareness
D) individuals are consciously aware of their tics
A) they may sometimes be aware of the tic but usually the persons performs the act habitually and does not notice it
some individuals with Tourette’s disorder manifest coprolalia, which is a
A) Simple motor tic involving head movements
B) Involuntary vocalizations of animal sounds
C) Complex vocal tic that involves the uttering of obscenities
D) Repetitive blinking movements
C) Complex vocal tic that involves the uttering of obscenities
what is tourette’s disorder
A) Extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal patterns.
B) A sleep disorder characterized by night terrors.
C) A form of obsessive-compulsive disorder specific to children.
D) A phobia related to loud noises.
A) extreme tic disorder involving multiple motor and vocal patterns.
what is true regarding tourettes
A) Usually matures out
B) Frequently persists into adulthood
C) Occurs exclusively in females
D) Linked to intellectual disability
B) frequently persists into adult-hood
what Behavioral intervention for tics involves several sequential elements, beginning with awareness training, relaxation training, and the development of incompatible responses, and then progressing to cognitive therapy and modification of the individual’s overall style of action
A) CBT
B) habit reversal training
C) habit reinforcement training
D) modelling
B) habit reversal training
what are most effective medication for the treatment of Tourette’s and tic disorders
A) antipsychotic and noradrenergic
B) SSRIs and SNRIs
C) benzodiazepines
D) anticonvulsants
A) antipsychotic and noradrenergic
disorders characterized by delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect
A) intellectual disorders
B) learning disorders
C) ADHD
D) depression
B) learning disorders
of the learning disorders, what is the best known and researched disorder
A) Dyscalculia
B) Dyslexia
C) Expressive language disorder
D) Auditory processing disorder
B) dyslexia
a disorder in which the individual has problems in word rec-ognition and reading comprehension; often he or she is markedly deficient in spelling and memory
A) Dyscalculia
B) Dyslexia
C) Expressive language disorder
D) Auditory processing disorder
B) dyslexia
what diagnosis of disorders are restricted to those cases in which there is clear impairment in school performance or (if the person is not a student) in daily liv-ing activities
A) learning disorders
B) intellectual disorders
C) dyslexia
D} ADHD
A) learning disorders
what is true regarding learning disorders
A) they do not lack in motivation, cooperativeness, or eagerness to please their teachers and parents
B) they lack in motivation, cooperativeness, or eagerness to please their teachers and parents
C)
D)
A) they do not lack in motivation, cooperativeness, or eagerness to please their teachers and parents
what is the most widely held view of the causes of specific learning disorders
A) Overemphasis on environmental factors
B) Strictly genetic factors
C) Subtle central nervous system (CNS) impairments
D) Absence of any biological basis
C) subtle CNS impairments
phonics instruction is used for learning disorders, what does this involve
A) Teaching only sight words
B) Teaching children letter–sound correspondence as well as how to decode and create syllables
C) Ignoring phonemic awareness
D) Focusing exclusively on reading comprehension skills
B) teaching children letter–sound correspondence as well as how to decode and create syllables
a treatment for learning disorder which teaches children letter–sound correspondence as well as how to decode and create syllables
A) Behavioral therapy
B) Phonics instruction
C) Medication
D) Psychoanalytic therapy
B) phonics instruction
disorder characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience
A) intellectual disability
B) learning disorders
C) ADHD
D) dyslexia
A) intellectual disability
what is defined in terms of both intelligence and level of performance
A) intellectual disability
B) learning disorders
C) ADHD
D) dyslexia
A) intellectual disability
Intellectual disability is defined in terms of both intelligence and level of performance, and for the diagnosis to apply, these problems must begin before the age of
A) 40
B) 30
C) 5
D) 18
D) 18
any functional equivalent of intellectual disability that has its onset after age 17 is considered to be
A) Dementia
B) Learning disorder
C) Acquired cognitive impairment
D) Neurodevelopmental disorder
A) dementia
Individuals with mild intellectual disability have IQ scores ranging from
A) 20-40
B) 50 to 70
C) below 20
D) 35 to 55
B) 50 to 70
what do most people score between in IQ
A) 20-40
B) 50 to 70
C) 70 to 130
D) 34 to 55
C) 70 to 130
what level of intellectual disability is the most common?
A) prfound
B) moderate
C) severe
D) mild
D) mild
Individuals with moderate intellectual disability have IQ scores ranging from
A) 20-40
B) 50 to 70
C) 70 to 130
D) 34 to 55
D) 34 to 55
Individuals with severe intellectual disability have IQ scores ranging from
A) 20-40
B) 50 to 70
C) 70 to 130
D) 34 to 55
A) 20-40
Most indi-viduals with profound intellectual disability have IQ scores below
A) 55
B) 35
C) 45
D) 25
D) 25
In phenylketonuria (PKU), a baby appears normal at birth but lacks a liver enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods, what does this genetic error result in
A) learning disability for life
B) intellectual disability for life
C) intellectual disability only when significant amounts of phenylketonuria are ingested
D) learning disability only when significant amounts of phenylketonuria are ingested
C) intellectual disability only when significant amounts of phenylketonuria are ingested
what is true of phenylketonuria (PKU)
A) It has no impact on cognitive functioning
B) It is reversible
C) It is not reversible
D) It primarily affects physical health
B) it is reversible
if phenylketonuria goes undetected and untreated what can occur
A) brain damage
B) severe intellectual disability
C) slow growth
D) enlarged brain
A) brain damage
how does a baby inherit phenylketonuria
A) Only through maternal inheritance
B) Only through paternal inheritance
C) Both parents must carry the recessive gene
D) It is exclusively acquired through environmental factors
C) both parents must carry the
recessive gene
what is the rare condition known as macrocephaly
A) cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull
B) increase in the size and weight of the brain, an enlargement of the skull
C) head circumference that is more than three standard deviations below that of children of the same age and sex
D) none of the above
B) increase in the size and weight of the brain, an enlargement of the skull
what is the rare condition known as microcephaly
A) cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull
B) increase in the size and weight of the brain, an enlargement of the skull
C) head circumference that is more than three standard deviations below that of children of the same age and sex
D) none of the above
C) head circumference that is more than three standard deviations below that of children of the same age and sex
what does Primary microcephaly refer to
A) decreased brain growth during pregnancy
B) decreased brain growth during infancy
C) increased brain growth during pregnancy
D) increased brain growth during infancy
A) decreased brain growth during pregnancy
what does secondary microcephaly refer to
A) decreased brain growth during pregnancy
B) decreased brain growth during infancy
C) increased brain growth during pregnancy
D) increased brain growth during infancy
B) decreased brain growth during infancy
Children with microcephaly fall within the what categories of intellectual disability
A) mild
B) moderate
C) moderate to profound
D) mild to moderate
C) moderate to profound
what is the most common cause of microcephaly
A) environmental factors
B) genetic factors
C) brain damage after birth
D) nutrient deficiencies
B) genetic factors
The condition referred to as hydrocephaly is a rela-tively rare disorder in which what occurs
A) cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull
B) increase in the size and weight of the brain, an enlargement of the skull
C) head circumference that is more than three standard deviations below that of children of the same age and sex
D) none of the above
A) cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull
in In chronic cases of hydrocephaly what is the chief symptom
A)
B)
C) gradual decreases of the upper part of the head out of proportion to the face and the rest of the body
D) gradual enlargement of the upper part of the head out of proportion to the face and the rest of the body
D) gradual enlargement of the upper part of the head out of proportion to the face and the rest of the body
Hydrocephaly can be treated by what procedure
A) surgical removal of excess fluid from the brain
B) shunting devices are inserted to drain cerebrospinal fluid
C) medication therapy
D) lifestyle and dietary changes
B) shunting devices are inserted to drain cerebrospinal fluid
Placement of children with intellectual disabilities in regu-lar school classrooms for all or part of the day.
A) inclusion
B) exclusion
C) segregation
D) mainstreaming
D) mainstreaming
what has been found to be associated with the vulnerability of children to the development of psychological disorders
A) socioeconomic status
B) genetic factors
C) parental substance abuse
D) cultural background
C) parental substance abuse
children from homes with harsh discipline and physical abuse are more likely to be aggres-sive and to have what disorder
A) oppositional defiant disorder
B) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) anxiety disorder
D) conduct disorder
D) conduct disorder
all family therapies view a child’s problems in part as an
A) independent and isolated occurrence
B) an outgrowth of pathological interaction patterns within the family
C) solely influenced by genetic factors
D) unrelated to family dynamics
B) an outgrowth of pathological interaction patterns within the family
what provides protective care and custody for young victims of abuse, neglect, and related conditions.
A) foster care placements
B) community juvenile facilities
C) psychiatric hospitals
D) child protective services
B) community juvenile facilities
what is a crucial determinant of whether the child’s problems will be alleviated or made worse in relation to being placed somewhere other than the parents home
A) financial stability of the new caretakers
B) quality of new home
C) distance from the biological parents
D) educational opportunities in the new environment
B) quality of new home
in terms of facilities for children to be placed after protective care, what home placement has the most positive effects
A) county or state institutions
B) home of relatives
C) foster home
D) group home
C) foster home
One of the most troublesome and widespread problems in child-hood and adolescence is
A) perfectionism
B) delinquent behavior
C) academic achievement
D) self-esteem issues
B) delinquent behaviour
a small group of “continuous” delinquents actually evolve from oppositional defiant behavior to conduct disorder and then to
A) depression
B) adult antisocial personality disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) learning disabilities
B) adult antisocial personality disorder
most people who engage in delinquent acts as adolescents will
A) face legal consequences in adulthood
B) not go on to develop a delinquent disorder
C) will develop a personality disorder
D) most likely develop conduct disorder
B) not go on to develop a delinquent disorder
The individuals who show adolescence-limited delinquency are thought to do so as a result of
A) spite
B) neglect
C) family issues
D) social mimicry
D) social mimicry
in a distinct minority of delinquency cases (an estimated 1 percent or less), brain pathology results in
A) heightened need for dominance
B) lowered inhibitory control
C) increased empathy and emotional regulation
D) heightened cognitive abilities
B) lowered inhibitory control
Many habitual delinquents appear to share the traits typical of
A) antisocial personalities
B) anxiety disorders
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) mood disorders
A) antisocial personalities
Delinquency appears to be much more common among youths from homes in which parents have
A) strong communication skills
B) separated/divorced
C) low socioeconomic status
D) died
B) separated/divorced
Adolescents who experience ______ from both parents have been found to be more prone to delinquent behavior
A) belongingness
B) alienation and rejection
C) hatred
D) separation
B) alienation and rejection
who are most likely to have a constant friend or companion in delinquency
A) females
B) both males and females
C) adults
D) males
A) females
Interrelated factors that appear to be of key importance for producing or supporting
delinquency include all of the following EXCEPT
A) Family ties
B) Alienation and rebellion
C) Social rejection
D) Gang belongingness
A) Family ties
what has received some attention as a means of intervening in the delinquency process
A) community service programs
B) juvenile boot camps
C) increased law enforcement presence
D) psychiatric hospitalization
B) juvenile boot camps
which of the following is not recognised in the DSM-5
A) narcissism
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) juvenile delinquency
D) juvenile delinquency
a comprehensive intervention in which the clinician attempts to make changes in several of the systems that influence delinquent behavior, including the adolescent’s family, peer network, school, and community
A) multisystemic therapy (MST)
B) mainstreaming
C) juvenile boot camps
D) family therapy
A) multisystemic therapy (MST)
a therapy that has been shown to significantly decrease delinquency, and also to improve a range of other outcomes such as psychopathology, substance use, family functioning, and the rate of out-of-home placements
A) multisystemic therapy (MST)
B) mainstreaming
C) juvenile boot camps
D) family therapy
A) multisystemic therapy (MST)
several key variables seem to play a part in the genesis of delinquency. They fall into the gen-eral categories of
A) socioeconomic status, cultural background, and educational opportunities
B) genetic predisposition, parenting styles, and community resources
C) personal pathology, pathogenic family patterns, and undesirable peer relationships
D) neurological abnormalities, environmental toxins, and substance abuse
C) personal pathology, pathogenic family patterns, and undesirable peer relationships
