PERSONALITY DISORDERS Flashcards
according to the DSM_ a person must endure a pattern of _______ and behavior that deviated markedly from cultural expectations
A) subjective experience
B) inner experience
C) emotional experience
D) all of the above
B) inner experience
How many of the specified areas (cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, impulse control) must be affected for a personality disorder diagnosis according to the DSM-5?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) All four
b) Two
In the context of personality disorders, the enduring pattern in which symptoms are exhibited must be:
a) Temporary and situational
b) Flexible and adaptable
c) Inflexible and pervasive
d) Random and unpredictable
c) Inflexible and pervasive
According to the DSM-5, the enduring pattern of symptoms for personality disorder must lead to clinically significant distress or impairment that is:
a) Unstable over time
b) Short in duration
c) Stable over time and of long duration
d) Unpredictable in nature
c) Stable over time and of long duration
According to the DSM-5, to be diagnosed with a personality disorder, a person must exhibit an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations. This deviation is manifested by two or more of the following EXCEPT:
a) Cognition
b) Affect
c) Interpersonal functioning
d) Physical health
d) Physical health
how many clusters (general types) of personality disorders are there
A) 6
B) 8
C) 3
D) 4
C) 3
which of the following is NOT a disorder under Cluster A personality disorders
A) Narcissistic
B) Paranoid
C) Schizotypal
D) Schizoid
A) Narcissistic
which of the following is NOT a disorder under Cluster B personality disorders
A) Narcissistic
B) Borderline
C) Histrionic
D) Schizoid
D) Schizoid
which of the following is NOT a disorder under Cluster C personality disorders
A) Dependent:
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive disorder
C) Histrionic
a personality disorder in which an individual Exhibits indifference to social relationships, loner tendencies, flat affect and lack of social skills, and appear cold and indifferent.
A) Narcissistic
B) Paranoid
C) Schizotypal
D) Schizoid
D) Schizoid
a personality disorder in which an individual exhibits odd and peculiar ideation and behaviours resulting in interpersonal difficulties, magical thinking, superstitious beliefs, and odd appearance
A) Narcissistic
B) Paranoid
C) Schizotypal
D) Schizoid
C) Schizotypal
a personality disorder in which an individual exhibits pervasive sense of suspicion and mistrust. Others are seen as threatening, critical, and demeaning. Interpersonal style is tense, argumentative, fearful, cold, and restricted in emotional expression
A) Narcissistic
B) Paranoid
C) Schizotypal
D) Schizoid
B) Paranoid
a personality disorder in which an individual
exhibits a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behaviour that violates the rights of others (e.g. unstable work patterns, illegal activities, aggression).
A) Antisocial
B) Borderline
C) Histrionic
D) Schizoid
A) Antisocial
a personality disorder in which an individual exhibits excessive emotional reactivity and attention-seeking
A) Narcissistic
B) Borderline
C) Histrionic
D) Antisocial
C) Histrionic
a personality disorder in which an individual characterised by pervasive sense of personal grandiosity
A) Narcissistic
B) Borderline
C) Histrionic
D) Antisocial
A) Narcissistic
a personality disorder in which an individual characterised by dysregulation
A) Narcissistic
B) Borderline
C) Histrionic
D) Antisocial
B) Borderline
this personality disorder has considerable overlap between this disorder and social phobia.
A) Dependent:
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive
B) Avoidant
a personality disorder in which an individual exhibits heightened sensitivity to pain, ambivalence about receiving reinforcement from others and active detachment caused by increased sensitivity to perceived rejection and humiliation
A) Dependent:
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive
B) Avoidant
a personality disorder in which an individual is characterised by an interpersonal pattern that involves dependency on and submission to others
A) Dependent:
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive
A) Dependent:
which personality disorder has little empirical support for diagnosis
A) Dependent
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive
A) Dependent
Characterised by extreme perfectionism, preoccupation with details, rules, lists, etc.
A) Dependent:
B) Avoidant
C) Histrionic
D) Obsessive compulsive
D) Obsessive compulsive
what is a model used in the DSM-5 that makes the assumption that individuals can be classed as either as either having a personality disorder or not
A) categorical model
B) dimensional model
C) conceptual model
D) quantitative model
A) categorical model
what model uses arbitrary cut-off points on instruments constructed to detect the presence of a disorder
A) categorical model
B) dimensional model
C) conceptual model
D) quantitative model
A) categorical model
what model acknowledges that the cut-off points used to determine whether an individual has a personality disorder are arbitrary, and that many people may not meet the criteria for a particular personality disorder, but still experience severe disturbance
A) categorical model
B) dimensional model
C) conceptual model
D) quantitative model
B) dimensional model
A person’s characteristic traits, coping styles, and ways of interacting in the social environment emerge dur-ing childhood and normally _____ into established patterns by the end of adolescence or early adulthood.
A) stabilize
B) crystallize
C) differentiate
D) none of the above
B) crystallize
In what cases may we say the person has a personality disorder
A) when types are inflexible and maladaptive
B) when traits are inflexible and maladaptive
C) when personality are inflexible and maladaptive
D) all of the above
B) when traits are inflexible and maladaptive
what is NOT one of the general features that characterize most personality disorders
A) chronic interpersonal difficulties
B) inability to function adequately in society
C) problems with one’s identity or sense of self
D) inability to regulate ones emotional experiences
D) inability to regulate ones emotional experiences
A personality disorder may be manifested in at least two of the following EXCEPT
A) mood
B) cognition
C) affectivity
D) impulse control
A) mood
what do personality disorders stem from
A) debilitating reactions to stress
B) gradual development of to organise their thoughts
C) gradual development of inflexible and distorted trait patterns
D) all of the above
C) gradual development of inflexible and distorted trait patterns
what does the category of personality disorders encompass?
a) A limited range of behavioral problems
b) Behavioral problems that are unrelated
c) Behavioral problems that differ greatly in form and severity
d) Behavioral problems with similar forms and severity
c) Behavioral problems that differ greatly in form and severity
how do personality disorders largely develop?
a) Suddenly and unpredictably
b) Through rapid changes in personality
c) Gradually and over time
d) Due to genetic factors only
c) Gradually and over time
The development of personality disorders is associated with the gradual development of:
a) Adaptive and flexible personality patterns
b) Inflexible and distorted personality patterns
c) Random and unpredictable behavioral patterns
d) Positive changes in perception and thinking
b) Inflexible and distorted personality patterns
The category of personality disorders is characterized by a diversity of:
a) Treatment approaches
b) Genetic factors
c) Behavioral problems
d) Cultural expectations
c) Behavioral problems
What term is used to describe the range of behavioral problems within the category of personality disorders?
a) Homogeneous
b) Limited
c) Diverse
d) Singular
c) Diverse
People with these disorders often seem odd or eccentric, with unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment.
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
A) Cluster A
Individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be dramatic, emo-tional, and erratic.
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
B) Cluster B
In contrast to the other two clusters, people with these disorders often show anxiety and fearfulness.
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
C) Cluster C
personality disorder characterised by self-dramatization; over concerned with attractiveness; tendency to irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated
A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) histrionic
D) narcissistic
C) histrionic
personality disorder characterised by Grandiosity; preoccupation with receiving attention; self-promoting; lack of empathy
A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) histrionic
D) narcissistic
D) narcissistic
personality disorder characterised by impulsiveness; inappropriate anger; drastic mood shifts; chronic feelings of boredom; attempts at self-mutilation or suicide
A) antisocial
B) borderline
C) histrionic
D) narcissistic
B) borderline
personality disorder characterised by Peculiar thought patterns; oddities of perception and speech that interfere with communication and social interaction
A) schizotypal
B) avoidant
C) schizoid
D) dependent
A) schizotypal
Impaired social relationships; inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others
A) schizotypal
B) avoidant
C) schizoid
D) dependent
C) schizoid
what cluster of personality are most common
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
C) Cluster C
what cluster of personality are least common
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
B) Cluster B
which of the following is a reason for why personality disorders receive the most misdiagnosis
a) Clear and precise diagnostic criteria
b) Well-defined symptoms
c) The rarity of personality disorders
d) The lack of sharply defined diagnostic criteria
d) The lack of sharply defined diagnostic criteria
what contributes to the occurrence of misdiagnoses in the category of personality disorders?
a) Clear and well-defined diagnostic criteria
b) The rarity of personality disorders
c) The lack of sharply defined diagnostic criteria
d) The easy identification of personality disorders
c) The lack of sharply defined diagnostic criteria
why is special caution needed regarding the diagnosis of personality disorders?
a) Because they are easy to diagnose accurately
b) Because they have clear and well-defined diagnostic criteria
c) Because more misdiagnoses probably occur in this category than in any other
d) Because personality disorders are rare and difficult to identify
c) Because more misdiagnoses probably occur in this category than in any other
why might it be difficult to diagnose reliably whether someone meets a given criterion for personality disorder
A) criteria for personality disorders are defined by explicit measures
B) criteria for personality disorders are defined by inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior
C) criteria for personality disorders are defined by objective behavioral standards
D) criteria for personality disorders are defined by implicit measures
B) criteria for personality disorders are defined by inferred traits or consistent patterns of behavior
what has improved diagnostic reliability substantially in regards to diagnosis of personality disorders
A) inference about traits and behaviour patterns
B) semi structured interviews and self report inventories
C) clear and well-defined diagnostic criteria
D) all of the above
B) semi structured interviews and self report inventories
what approach sees disorders as considered to be distinct and separate
A) dimensional
B) theoretical
C) empirical
D) categorical
D) categorical
what approach assumes that personality (and personality disorder) is on a continuum
A) dimensional
B) theoretical
C) empirical
D) categorical
A) dimensional
what system can account for an enormous range of different personality patterns
A) symptoms recognition
B) 5 factor traits
C) comorbidities
D) activity level
B) 5 factor traits
within this approach, normal personality trait dimensions can be recast into corresponding domains that represent more pathological extremes of the facets within the 5-factor model
A) dimensional
B) theoretical
C) empirical
D) categorical
A) dimensional
what model has been the most influential in guiding research
A) dimensional
B) unified dimensional
C) empirical
D) categorical
B) unified dimensional
in what approach has the five factor model been the most influential in guiding research
A) dimensional
B) unified dimensional
C) empirical
D) categorical
B) unified dimensional
which of the five dimensions of personality does not have a corresponding pathological extreme within the dimensional approach
A) introversion
B) conscientiousness
C) agreeableness
D) openness
D) openness
what approach d includes a set of general criteria for all personality disorders, an overall dimensional measure of the severity of personality dysfunction, a limited set of personality disorder types, and a set of pathological personality traits that could be specified in the absence of one of the personality disorder types.
A) dimensional
B) unified dimensional
C) hybrid dimensional categorical model
D) categorical
C) hybrid dimensional categorical model
what is one reason we don’t know as much as we currently do about the causal factors in the development of most personality disorders
A) personality continuity
B) high level of comorbidity among them.
C) limitations of contextualisation
D) all of the above
B) high level of comorbidity among them.
what is one reason we don’t know as much as we currently do about the causal factors in the development of most personality disorders
A) use of retrospective studies
B) use of prospective studies
C) limitations of contextualisation
D) all of the above
B) use of prospective studies
what is one of the biological factors that has been suggested in the development of personality disorder
A) neurotransmitter
B) abnormal brain growth
C) infants’ temperament
D) environement
C) infants’ temperament
which of the following is NOT one of the most important dimensions of temperament
A) negative emotionality
B) activity level
C) adaptability
D) sociability versus social inhibition
C) adaptability
One way of thinking about temperament is that it
A) lays the early foundation for the development of the adult personality
B) is a sole determinant of adult personality
C) it is irrelevant to adult personality
D) it has no impact on adult personality
A) lays the early foundation for the development of the adult personality
how is the genetic contribution to most disorders mediated?
a) By the genetic contributions to the secondary trait dimensions
b) By environmental factors
c) By the genetic contributions to the disorders themselves
d) By the genetic contributions to the primary trait dimensions most implicated in each disorder
d) By the genetic contributions to the primary trait dimensions most implicated in each disorder
What is mentioned as the primary mediator of the genetic contribution to disorders?
a) Environmental factors only
b) Genetic contributions to secondary trait dimensions
c) Genetic contributions to disorders themselves
d) Genetic contributions to primary trait dimensions most implicated in each disorder
d) Genetic contributions to primary trait dimensions most implicated in each disorder
What is suggested about the genetic contributions to the primary trait dimensions in disorders?
a) They are unrelated to disorders
b) They are the sole contributors to disorders
c) They are implicated in each disorder, mediating the genetic contribution
d) They play a minor role in disorders
c) They are implicated in each disorder, mediating the genetic contribution
Among psychological factors, what theorists originally attributed great importance in the development of character disorders to an infant’s getting excessive versus insufficient gratification of his or her impulses in the first few years of life
A) sociocultural
B) psychodynamic
C) cogntiive
D) behavioural
B) psychodynamic
what have received more attention as possible causal factors for personality disorder
A) adaptive learning patterns and genetic predispositions
B) learning-based habit patterns and maladaptive cognitive styles
C) environmental factors and genetic factors
D) biological and psychological factors
B) learning-based habit patterns and maladaptive cognitive styles
cluster of personality disorders that display unusual behaviors such as distrust, suspiciousness, and social detachment and often come across as odd or eccentric.
A) cluster A
B) cluster B
C) cluster C
D) cluster D
A) cluster A
this personality disorder is characterised by being chronically tense and “on guard,” constantly expecting trickery and looking for clues to validate their expectations while disregarding all evidence to the contrary
A) dependent
B) schizotypal
C) schizoid
D) paranoid
D) paranoid
people with this disorder tend to see them-selves as blameless, instead blaming others for their own mistakes and failures—even to the point of ascribing evil motives to others
A) dependent
B) schizotypal
C) schizoid
D) paranoid
D) paranoid
people with this disorder are frequently preoccupied with doubts about the loyalty of friends and hence are reluctant to confide in others
A) dependent
B) schizotypal
C) schizoid
D) paranoid
D) paranoid
people with this disorder commonly bear grudges, refuse to forgive perceived insults and slights, and are quick to react with anger and sometimes violent behavior
A) dependent
B) schizotypal
C) schizoid
D) paranoid
D) paranoid
what is true regarding paranoid personality disorder
A) they have persistent loss of contact with reality
B) they experience delusions
C) they have clear contact with reality
D) they are psychotic
C) they have clear contact with reality
what is true regarding paranoid personality disorder
A) they have persistent loss of contact with reality
B) they experience delusions
C) they may experience transient psychotic symptoms in times of stress
D) they are psychotic
C) they may experience transient psychotic symptoms in times of stress
individuals with paranoid personality disorder do appear to be at elevated liability for developing
A) delusional disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) bipolar disorder
D) depressive disorder
B) schizophrenia
what are are among the primary traits in paranoid personality disorder
A) extreme introversion and detachment
B) low agreeableness and neuroticism (angry-hostility)
C) low agreeableness and antagonism
D) all of the above
B) low agreeableness and neuroticism (angry-hostility)
what is true regarding the etiology of paranoid personality disorder
A) modest genetic, parental neglect/abuse, exposure to violent adults, cocaine
B) moderate heritability - genetic relationship to schizophrenia
C) emotional, physical, sexual abuse + controlling, cold, intrusive parenting styles
D) rarely diagnosed alone and highly comorbid with both internalising (mood & anxiety & other PDs) and externalising disorders (substance abuse)
A) modest genetic, parental neglect/abuse, exposure to violent adults, cocaine
Symptoms of ______ personality disorder seem to increase after traumatic brain injury and are often found in chronic cocaine users
A) narcissistic
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
B) paranoid
Individuals with this personality disorder have difficulties forming social relationships and usually lack much interest in doing so.
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
disorder characterised by inability to express their feelings and are seen by others as cold and distant
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
disorder characterised by individuals that often lack social skills and can be classified as loners or intro-verts, with solitary interests and occupations,
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
people with this disorder tend not to take pleasure in many activities,
including sexual activity, and rarely marry.
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
individuals with this disorder are not very emotionally reactive, rarely experiencing strong positive or negative emotions, but rather show a generally apathetic mood
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
deficits in this disorder contribute to their appearing cold and aloof
A) dependent
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
C) schizoid
In terms of the five-factor model, people with schizoid
personality disorder show.
A) high neuroticism low agreeableness
B) high introversion low openness to feelings & achievement striving
C) high neuroticism, actions & ideas low extroversion & trust
D) high neuroticism & extroversion low agreeableness & conscientiousness
B) high introversion low openness to feelings
Some theorists have suggested that the severe disrup-tion in sociability seen in schizoid personality disorder may be due to severe impairment in an underlying
A) affective system
B) affiliative system
C) schema system
D) disruptive system
B) affiliative system
Cognitive theorists propose that individuals with schizoid personality disorder exhibit cool and aloof behavior because of mal-adaptive underlying
A) memory
B) attention
C) control
D) schemas
D) schemas
individuals with this disorder are excessively introverted and have social and interpersonal deficits. But in addition they have cognitive and perceptual distortions, as well as oddities and eccentricities in their communication and behavior
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
Although contact with reality is usually maintained, highly personalized and superstitious think-ing is characteristic of people with _______ personality, and under extreme stress they may experience transient psychotic symptoms
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
often believe that they have magical powers and may engage in magical rituals
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
cognitive–perceptual problems of this include ideas of reference (the belief that conversations or gestures of others have special meaning or personal significance), odd speech, and paranoid beliefs.
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
what is the most stable characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder
A) feel unappreciated if they are not the center of attention
B) oddities in thinking, speech, and other behaviors
C) experience transient psychotic symptoms
D) no emotional reactivity and apathetic mood
B) Oddities in thinking, speech, and other behaviors
what personality disorder have characteristics that are similar to those often seen in patients with schizophrenia
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
what personality disorder appear related to the five-factor model of normal personality, specifically facets of introversion and neuroticism, the other aspects related to cognitive and perceptual distortions are not adequately explained by the five-factor model of normal personality
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
these core symptoms of schizotypy form the basis of the only proposed trait that does not map neatly onto the five factors of normal personality, what pathalogical trait is this
A) neuroticism
B) psychoticism
C) disinhibition
D) antagonism
B) psychoticism
what pathological trait consists of three facets: unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and cognitive and perceptual dysregulation
A) neuroticism
B) psychoticism
C) disinhibition
D) antagonism
B) psychoticism
in the original proposal for the DSM-5, what personality was the only categorical disorder retained from Cluster A
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
disorder marked by A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close rela-tionships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
A) schizotypal
B) paranoid
C) schizoid
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
unlike schizoid and paranoid personality disorders, there has been a significant amount of research on
A) schizotypal
B) borderline
C) antisocial
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
in the original proposal for the DSM-5, which personality disorder was the only categorical disorder retained from Cluster A.
A) schizotypal
B) borderline
C) antisocial
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
which personality disorder show deficits in their ability to inhibit attention to a second stimulus that rapidly follows presentation of a first stimulus
A) schizotypal
B) borderline
C) antisocial
D) histrionic
A) schizotypal
what is one reason why schizotypal show deficits in their ability to inhibit attention to a second stimulus that rapidly follows presentation of a first stimulus
A) mood disturbances
B) high anxiety
C) low memory and willingness
D) high levels of distractibility and difficulty staying focused
D) high levels of distractibility and difficulty staying focused
this cluster of personality disorders share a tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic.
A) cluster A
B) cluster B
C) cluster C
D) cluster D
B) cluster B
Excessive attention-seeking behavior and emotionality are the key characteristics of individuals with
A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
what personality disorder is marked by feeling unappreciated if they are not the center of attention; their lively, dramatic, and excessively extraverted styles often ensure that they can charm others into attending to them
A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
which personality disorder is lively, dramatic, and excessively extraverted which often ensure that they can charm others into attending to them
A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
. In craving stimulation and attention, this personality disorders appearance and behavior are often quite theatrical and emotional as well as sexually provocative
A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
what personality disorder may attempt to control their partners through seductive behav-ior and emotional manipulation, however also show a good deal of dependence
.A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
what personality disorder has a speech is often vague and impressionistic
.A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
what personality disorder are usually considered self-centered, vain, and excessively concerned about the approval of others
.A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
what personality traits prominent in histrionic personality disorder are more common in men than in women
A) Low excitement seeking and high fantasy proneness
B) Low agreeableness and high antagonism
C) High extraversion and low openness to feelings.
D) High excitement seeking and low self-consciousness
D) high excitement seeking and low self-consciousness
what personality disorder is highly comorbid with borderline, antisocial, narcissistic, and dependent personality disorder diagnoses
.A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
Which basic personality traits from the five-factor model seem most important in the development of histrionic personality disorder
A) Low agreeableness, high antagonism and low openness to feelings.
B) High extraversion, high neuroticism and high angry hostility.
C) High introversion, high neuroticism and high on openness to fantasies
D) Low excitement seeking, high fantasy and low agreeableness
C) High introversion, high neuroticism and high on openness to fantasies
what personality disorder include high levels of gregariousness, excitement seeking, and positive emotions. but also involve the depression and self-consciousness facets of neuroticism
.A) schizotypal PD
B) borderline PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
Core dysfunctional beliefs in this PD might include “Unless I captivate people, I am nothing” and “If I can’t entertain people, they will abandon me”
.A) schizotypal PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
D) histrionic PD
individuals with this personality disorder show an exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the feelings of others
.A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
.A) narcissistic PD
what are two subtypes of narcissism
A) superiority and antisocial
B) grandiose and vulnerable
C) compliant and noncompliant
D) persistant and delusional
B) grandiose and vulnerable
what subtype of narcissism is manifested by traits related to extreme grandiosity, aggression, and dominance
A) vulnerable
B) grandiose
C) superiority
D) noncompliant
B) grandiose
what subtype of narcissism has a tendency to overestimate one’s own abilities and accomplishments while underestimating the abilities and accomplishments of others
A) vulnerable
B) grandiose
C) superiority
D) noncompliant
B) grandiose
what subtype of this personality disorder behave in stereo-typical ways (e.g., with constant self-references and bragging) to gain the acclaim and recognition they crave
A) vulnerable narcissism
B) grandiose narcissism
C) superiority narcissism
D) noncompliant narcissism
B) grandiose narcissism
what PD may become completely absorbed and preoccupied with fantasies of outstanding achievement but at the same time experience profound shame about their ambitions.
A) vulnerable narcissism
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) vulnerable narcissism
what subtype of this personality disorder
have a very fragile and unstable sense of self-esteem, and for these individuals, arrogance and con-descension is merely a façade for intense shame and hyper-sensitivity to rejection and criticism
A) vulnerable narcissism
B) grandiose narcissism
C) dissociated narcissism
D) dependent narcissism
A) vulnerable narcissism
what PD may avoid interpersonal relationships due to fear of rejection or criticism
A) vulnerable narcissism
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) vulnerable narcissism
Which personality traits from the five-factor model seem most important in the development of grandiose and vulnerable presentations of narcissism are related to
A) Low agreeableness and high antagonism.
B) High interpersonal antagonism and low agreeableness
C) Low excitement seeking and high fantasy proneness.
D) High introversion and low openness to feelings.
B) high levels of interpersonal antagonism/low agreeableness
compared to vulnerable narcissism, person with a more grandiose form of narcissism show what levels of personality trait
A) High introversion and high neuroticism.
B) High extraversion and low openness to feelings.
C) Low neuroticism and high in extraversion
D) High agreeableness and high angry hostility
C) Low neuroticism and high in extraversion
One study concluded, “The strongest impairment associated with this personality disorder is the distress of ‘pain and suffering’ experienced not by the person with this disorder but by his or her significant others”
A) grandiose narcissism PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) narcissism
compared to grandiose narcissism, person with a more vulnerable form of narcissism show what levels of personality trait
A) High introversion and high neuroticism.
B) High extraversion and low openness to feelings.
C) Low neuroticism and high in extraversion
D) high negative affectivity and high neuroticism
D) high negative affectivity and high neuroticism
those high on grandiosity narcissism can be described as
A) cool and aloof behavior
B) aggressive, hardheaded, outspoken, assertive, dishonest, opportunistic, conceited
C) self-centered, vain, and excessively concerned about the approval of others
D) all the above
B) aggressive, hardheaded, outspoken, assertive, dishonest, opportunistic, conceited
what PD are unwilling or unable to take the perspective of others, to see things other than “through their own eyes.”
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) narcissistic PD
if narcissists do not receive the validation or assistance they desire, they are inclined to be
A) withdrawn and aggressive
B) hypercritical and retaliatory
C) impulsive and avoidant
D) nonchalant and uncaring
B) hypercritical and retaliatory
recent research suggests that the presence of this personality traits is associated with spending more time on social media
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) narcissistic PD
what PD show behavior that appears to be driven by a need for admiration and need to belong
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
A) narcissistic PD
what PD has been associated with emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as parenting styles characterized as intrusive, controlling, and cold
A) vulnerable narcissism
B) dependent PD
C) grandiose narcissism
D) histrionic PD
A) vulnerable narcissism
what PD has the tendency to persistently disregard and violate the rights of others
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
C) antisocial PD
what PD has a lifelong pattern of unsocialized and irresponsible behavior with little regard for safety—either their own or that of others
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
C) antisocial PD
Only individuals ages 18 or over can be diagnosed with
A) narcissistic PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) histrionic PD
C) antisocial PD
for a diagnosis for antisocial PD, the person must have shown symptoms of conduct disorder before age
A)15
B) 20
C) 18
D) none of the above
D) 15
The term antisocial personality disorder is often used interchangeably with ____, however this is a mistake
A) psychopathy
B) narcissism
C) sociopathy
D) dependency
A) psychopathy
The current DSM criteria for antisocial personality disorder place a heavy emphasis on
A) covert behaviour
B) observable behaviours
C) emotions
D) implicit knowledge
B) observable behaviours
in contrast to antisocial personality disorder, those with psychopathy show personality characteristics of
A) lying, getting into fights, or failing to honor financial obligations
B) superficial charm, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness
C) impulsivity, andger, hostility and eccentricity
D) none of the above
B) superficial charm, lack of empathy, and manipulativeness
what does research suggest about what plays a role in antisocial personality disorder and criminality.
A) is mainly learned.
B) can be characterised by five basic trait dimensions.
C) has an infinite number of possible trait dimensions.
D) is mainly genetic.
D) is mainly genetic
factors such as having delinquent peers, physical or sexual abuse, and various academic or social experience implicated in the development of
A) narcissistic PD
B) antisocial PD
C) dependent PD
D) schizoid PD
B) antisocial PD
factors such as having delinquent peers, physical or sexual abuse, and various academic or social experience can collectively be known as
A) genetic predispositions
B) individualistic factors
C) shared environmental factors
D) nonshared environmental factors
D) nonshared environmental factors
having delinquent peers, physical or sexual abuse, and various academic or social experiences interact with genetic predispositions highlights the _________ in the role of
A) individualistic perspective
B) environmental determinism
C) genotype–environment
D) cultural influence
B) genotype–environment interaction
adoption studies have found that children of biological parents with ASPD were ______ likely to develop antisocial personalities if their adoptive parents exposed them to an adverse environment than if their adoptive parents exposed them to a more normal environment
A) more
B) equally
C) less
D) none of the above
A) more
monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA gene) is a candidate gene that seems to be important for antisocial PD. this gene is involved in
A) the reuptake of neurotransmitters
B) the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
C) Synthesis of neurotransmitters
D) Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons
B) the breakdown of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
antisocial behaviour has a strong relationship with
A) Social conformity
B) Empathy
C) Narcissism
D) Substance abuse
D) substance abuse
A child with a genetic liability to antisocial behavior may also elicit problems in others because of his or her behavior, this is known as a
A) Passive gene–environment correlation
B) Evocative gene–environment correlation
C) Active gene–environment correlation
D) Reactive gene–environment correlation
B) evocative gene–environment correlation
the developmental perspective on antisocial PD is that
A) Antisocial PD is solely caused by genetic factors
B) The younger antisocial behaviors start, the higher the risk of developing an adult diagnosis of antisocial PD
C) Antisocial PD is unrelated to early behaviors
D) Antisocial PD is only influenced by environmental factors
B) the younger antisocial behaviours start, the higher the risk of developing adult diagnosis of antisocial PD
from the developmental perspective, people are more likely to develop antisocial PD if
A) they had an early history of oppositional defiant disorder and an onset of conduct disorder around age 19
B) they had an early history of trauma and externalising problems
C) they had an early history of oppositional defiant disorder and an onset of conduct disorder around age 9
D) none of the above
C) they had an early history of oppositional defiant disorder and an onset of conduct disorder around age 9
The second early diagnosis that is often a precursor
to adult antisocial PD is
A) manic episodes
B) mood disorders
C) anxiety
D) ADHD
D) ADHD
what two disorders can co-occur in increasing the likelihood that a person will develop a severely aggressive form of antisocial PD
A) anxiety and conduct disorder
B) ADHD and conduct disorder
C) bipolar and anxiety
D) ADHD and MDD
B) ADHD and conduct disorder
When ADHD co-occurs with conduct disorder this leads to a high likelihood that the person will develop a severely aggressive form of ASPD and possibly
A) anxiety
B) sociopathy
C) conduct disorder
D) psychopathy
D) psychopathy
It is known that antisocial individuals show abnormalities in both the structure and function of the
A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) prefrontal cortex
D) prefrontal cortex
borderline PD was originally used to refer to patients who were thought to have a condition that was on the “border”
A) of having a mental illness
B) between neurosis and psychosis
C) between insanity and sanity
D) having a cluster A and cluster B PD
B) between neurosis and psychosis
what is the most well-researched form of personality pathology
A) borderline PD
B) narcissistic PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
people with ______ personality disorder
show a pattern of behavior characterized by impulsivity and instability in their interpersonal relationships, their self-image, and their mood
A) borderline PD
B) narcissistic PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
what is a central characteristic in borderline PD
A) self obsession
B) psychosis
C) affective instability
D) mood swings
C) affective instability
how does affective instability in borderline PD show itself
A) A consistent emotional state
B) Intense emotional responses to environmental triggers, and a slow return to a baseline emotional state
C) Emotional numbness and detachment
D) Limited emotional expression
B) intense emotional responses to environmental triggers, and a slow return to a baseline emotional state
Affective instability is characterized by
A) Emotional consistency
B) Predictable emotional patterns
C) Emotional detachment
D) drastic and rapid shifts from one emotion to another
D) drastic and rapid shifts from one emotion to another
those with borderline PD have a combination of
A) Emotional stability and a consistent self-image
B) Affective instability and highly unstable self-image
C) Emotional numbness and a strong sense of self
D) Predictable emotional responses and a stable self-image
B) affective instability and highly unstable self-image
people with this personality disorder often have chronic feelings of emptiness and have difficulty forming a sense of who they really are.
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
people with this PD struggle to cope with a highly negative self-concept and find it hard to tolerate being alone
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
what term is used in the ICD-11 for borderline personality disorder
A) Borderline syndrome
B) Emotional dysregulation disorder
C) Emotionally unstable personality disorder
D) Borderline personality syndrome
C) emotionally unstable personality disorder
people with this PD highly unstable interpersonal relationships.
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
Research further suggests that people with _____ are very skilled at (accurately) detecting signs of anger in people’s faces. However, they also tend to misperceive anger when they are presented with neutral faces
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
because of their fear of rejection, individuals with ______ often “test” their close relationships. Any failure on the part of the other person then becomes evidence of rejec-tion or imminent abandonment.
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
Research supports a causal link between the perception of rejection and intense, uncontrollable rage in
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
an important feature of BPD is impulsivity, which related to
A) carefree spontaneity
B) rapid responding to environmental triggers without think-ing (or caring) about long-term consequences
C) Thoughtful decision-making
D) Strategic planning
B) rapid responding to environmental triggers without think-ing (or caring) about long-term consequences
Self-injury (such as skin-cutting) is a characteristic feature
A) borderline PD
B) dependent PD
C) antisocial PD
D) avoidant PD
A) borderline PD
people with borderline PD
A) Do not experience psychotic-like symptoms
B) Experience psychotic-like symptoms
C) Have heightened emotional regulation
D) Exhibit rigid thinking patterns
B) experience psychotic-like symptoms
people with borderline PD usually have comorbid disorders with
A) Internalizing disorders as well as externalizing disorders
B) Internalizing disorder only
C) Externalizing disorders only
D) No comorbid disorders
A) Internalizing disorders as well as externalizing disorders
What makes BPD unusual, however, is that
A) It is rarely diagnosed in clinical settings
B) It is exclusively associated with externalizing disorders
C) It has a low prevalence rate in the population
D) it tends to be comorbid with both internalizing disorders as well as externalizing disorders
D) it tends to be comorbid with both internalizing disorders as well as externalizing disorders
what is a causal view of borderline PD
A) Early childhood experiences shape the development of BPD
B) Environmental factors are the sole cause of BPD
C) Genes are inherited that confer susceptibility to certain personality traits - traits such as neuroticism or impulsivity that are prominent aspects of BPD
D) BPD is a result of random chance or bad luck
D) genes are inherited that confer susceptibility to certain personality traits- traits such as neuroticism or impulsivity that are prominent aspects of BPD
what factors are thought to account for the largest proportion (55 percent) of variance in borderline traits
A) Genetic factors
B) Environmental factors
C) Biological factors
D) Psychological factors
B) environmental
what environmental factors have been associated with an increased risk of developing borderline PD
A) Low SES status
B) Childhood adversity and maltreatment
C) High socioeconomic status
D) Supportive family environments
B) childhood adversity and maltreatment
what is the best understood cause of BPD
A) Environmental factors unrelated to genetic predispositions
B) Genetic predispositions making those sensitive to the effects of negative early life experiences
C) Random chance or luck
D) Lack of exposure to negative early life experiences
B) genetic predispositions making those sensitive to the effects of negative early life experi-ences.
People with these cluster of personality disorders often show anxiety and fearfulness.
A) Cluster A
B) Cluster B
C) Cluster C
D) Cluster D
C) Cluster C
Individuals with ______ personality disorder show extreme social inhibition and introversion, leading to life-long patterns of limited social relationships and reluctance to enter into social interactions.
A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
C) dependent personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder
Unlike schizoid personalities, people with avoidant personality disorder
A) has little desire to form close relationships
B) are aloof, cold, and relatively indifferent to criticism
C) enjoy their aloneness
D) do not enjoy their aloneness.
D) do not enjoy their aloneness.
what are the two most
prevalent and stable features of avoidant personality disor-der
A) High self-esteem and social competence
B) Feeling inept and socially inadequate
C) Extroversion and assertiveness
D) Emotional intelligence and adaptability
B) Feeling inept and socially inadequate
individuals with this personality disorder want interper-sonal contact but is shy, insecure, and hypersensitive to criticism
A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
C) dependent personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder
Numerous studies have found substantial overlap between which two disorders
A) narcissistic personality disorder and conduct disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorders and bipolar
C) dependent personality disorder and depression
D) avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety
D) avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety
Some research suggests that avoidant personality may have its origins in an
A) Overly extroverted temperament
B) Highly adaptable temperament
C) Innate “inhibited” temperament that leaves the infant and child shy and inhibited in novel and ambiguous situations
D) Lack of temperament traits
C) Innate “inhibited” temperament that leaves the infant and child shy and inhibited in novel and ambiguous situations
at the clinical level _________ reacts with feelings of emptiness or rage if abandonment occurs, whereas the _________ reacts initially with submissiveness and appeasement and then finally with an urgent seeking of a new relationship
A) narcissistic ; borderline
B) borderline PD; dependent personality
C) dependent personality ; borderline PD
D) antisocial; obsessive compulsive
B) borderline PD; dependent personality
this PD tend to be devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure activities and may have difficulty tak-ing vacations, relaxing, or doing anything just for fun
A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
C) dependent personality disorder
D) avoidant personality disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
both the schizoid and the obsessive-compulsive personalities may have a certain amount of formality and social detachment, but only the ______ personality lacks the capacity for close relation-ships.
A) narcissistic
B) obsessive-compulsive
C) dependent
D) schizoid
D) schizoid
the developmental perspective on antisocial PD suggests what
A) parental exposing children to neglect, parental separations, violence increase the risk of a child developing the disorder
B) the younger the age at which problems start, the higher the risk of developing the disorder
C) impulse gratification, instant solutions, and pain-free benefits increase the risk of developing the disorder
D) none of the above
B) the younger the age at which problems start, the higher the risk of developing the disorder
according to the developmental perspective on antisocial PD, what is the single best predictor of an adult diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder
A) age of child
B) antisocial behaviors exhibited in childhood
C) their capacity to form bonds in childhood
D) none of the above
B) antisocial behaviors exhibited in childhood
