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pathophysiology > stuff we did in neuro october 2nd 2024 > Flashcards

stuff we did in neuro october 2nd 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the brain from injury?

A

The skull, immune system, and blood-brain barrier protect the brain from internal and external forces.

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2
Q

What does the CNS rely on for its function?

A

The CNS relies on a continuous infusion of blood glucose and oxygen.

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3
Q

Can damaged brain tissue recover to its previous function?

A

Once brain tissue is damaged, it rarely recovers back to its previous level of function.

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4
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and supporting cells (neuroglial cells).

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5
Q

What is the function of neurons?

A

Neurons scan the environment, integrate systems at higher cognitive levels, and initiate responses to maintain homeostasis.

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6
Q

What is the role of neuroglial cells?

A

Supporting cells provide structural support, nutrition for neurons, and aid in processing and storing information.

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7
Q

What is the primary fuel source for neurons?

A

The primary fuel source for neurons is glucose.

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8
Q

Do neurons require insulin for glucose uptake?

A

No, insulin is not required for cellular uptake of glucose in the CNS.

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9
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are extensions that carry nerve impulses TOWARD the cell body.

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10
Q

What are axons?

A

Axons are long, conductive projections from the cell body that carry nerve impulses AWAY from the cell.

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11
Q

What is myelin?

A

Myelin is an insulating lipid material that speeds conduction of nerve signals.

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12
Q

How do neuroglial cells compare in number to neurons?

A

There are 5-10 times more neuroglial cells than neurons.

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13
Q

When do nerves begin to regenerate after an injury?

A

Nerves begin to regenerate 1-2 weeks after injury, only if they are myelinated and in the peripheral nervous system.

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14
Q

Why is nerve regeneration limited in the CNS?

A

Regeneration in the CNS is limited due to increased scar formation and the different nature of myelin.

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15
Q

What factors influence nerve regeneration?

A

Factors include the location of the injury, type of injury, inflammatory responses, and the process of scarring.

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16
Q

Which type of nerve injury is more likely to regenerate: crushed or cut?

A

Nerves are more likely to regenerate if they were crushed rather than cut.

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17
Q

What happens to cut nerves?

A

Cut nerves often form connective tissue scars that block or slow nerve conduction.

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18
Q

How do neurons send and receive signals?

A

Neurons change the electrical state of their membranes and release chemicals (neurotransmitters) to communicate with nearby neurons.

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19
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

The resting membrane potential is the state of a neuron when it is unexcited, maintaining a specific electrical charge.

20
Q

What generates an action potential?

A

An action potential is generated when the membrane potential is raised sufficiently by a strong enough stimulus (all or nothing).

21
Q

What are synapses?

A

Synapses are the regions between neurons where neurotransmitters convey impulses across.

22
Q

What are presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?

A

Presynaptic neurons conduct electrical impulses toward the synapse, while postsynaptic neurons conduct impulses away from the synapse.

23
Q

What is the role of norepinephrine?

A

Norepinephrine regulates mood, sleep functions, and maintains arousal; it’s affected by cocaine and amphetamines.

24
Q

How is acetylcholine related to Alzheimer’s disease?

A

A decrease in acetylcholine-secreting neurons is seen in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

25
Q

What effect does myasthenia gravis have on acetylcholine?

A

Myasthenia gravis results in a reduction of acetylcholine receptors.

26
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

27
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

The two main divisions are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

28
Q

How does GABA function in the brain?

A

GABA is involved in postsynaptic inhibition; anti-seizure medications increase its function to inhibit excessive neuron discharge.

29
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters can be excitatory (excite the next neuron to signal action potential) or inhibitory (block further signaling).

30
Q

What is the relationship between serotonin and schizophrenia?

A

Patients with schizophrenia often have elevated levels of serotonin, contributing to delusions and hallucinations.

31
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on airways?

A

Airways dilate to allow more air in during sympathetic stimulation.

32
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

A

The PNS consists of cranial and spinal nerves, including branches and ganglia.

33
Q

What are the functions of histamine?

A

Arousal, pituitary hormone secretion, control of cerebral circulation, and thermoregulation

34
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

The ANS is a component located in both the CNS and PNS that controls involuntary functions like BP, HR, and RR.

35
Q

What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

The two parts are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

36
Q

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight” responses.

37
Q

What happens to pupils during sympathetic stimulation?

A

Pupils dilate during sympathetic stimulation.

38
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate (HR).

39
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A

Dopamine is involved in the pleasure pathway; its destruction is found in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

40
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation impact peristalsis?

A

Sympathetic stimulation inhibits peristalsis.

41
Q

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system promotes “rest and digest” functions.

42
Q

What happens to pupils during parasympathetic stimulation?

A

Pupils constrict during parasympathetic stimulation.

43
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation leads to a normal or lower heart rate (HR).

44
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on airways?

A

Airways constrict during parasympathetic stimulation.

45
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation impact digestion?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation enhances visceral functions leading to digestion and increases salivary secretion.

46
Q

What happens to the urinary bladder during parasympathetic stimulation?

A

The urinary bladder contracts during parasympathetic stimulation.

pathophysiology (54 decks)

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