obstructive lung diseases and respiratory tract infections Flashcards
What is obstructive lung disease?
A group of disorders characterized by airway obstruction, especially during expiration (e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD).
Common manifestations of obstructive lung disease?
DOE, wheezing, chronic cough.
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways leading to bronchoconstriction, often triggered by allergens or irritants.
Risk factors for asthma?
Age, allergens, air pollution, smoking, recurrent viral infections, GERD, obesity.
Manifestations of asthma?
Cough, expiratory wheezing, SOB, exercise intolerance, tachypnea, anxiousness.
What is chronic bronchitis?
A condition characterized by chronic, productive cough and mucous hypersecretion for ≥3 months over 2 consecutive years.
Classic signs of chronic bronchitis?
DOE with wheezing, productive cough, dusky/cyanotic color (Blue Bloater), polycythemia, prolonged expiration.
What is emphysema?
Abnormal enlargement of gas-exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
Classic signs of emphysema?
DOE with wheezing, prolonged expiration, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, pink skin (Pink Puffers).
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a progressive condition that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.
Risk factors for COPD?
Smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollution, respiratory infections, genetic factors.
Manifestations of COPD?
Chronic SOB/DOE, productive cough, barrel chest, clubbing, fatigue, abnormal ABGs.
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
A condition causing airway obstruction during sleep, leading to apneic pauses, snoring, and daytime sleepiness.
Classic signs of obstructive sleep apnea?
Apneic pauses, snoring, labored breathing, restlessness, daytime sleepiness, chronic mouth breathing.
How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed?
H&P, upper airway imaging, sleep study.
What is acute bronchitis?
Acute inflammation of the airways, usually self-limiting, often caused by viruses.
What viruses commonly cause acute bronchitis?
Rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, parainfluenza, RSV, etc.
Manifestations of acute bronchitis?
Fever, non-productive or productive cough, chills, malaise, chest pain.
How is acute bronchitis diagnosed?
H&P, CXR/CT to rule out other causes.
What is pneumonia?
Infection of the lower respiratory tract, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites.
Risk factors for pneumonia?
Advanced age, immunodepression, smoking, alcoholism, dysphagia, underlying lung disease, endotracheal intubation (VAP), etc.
Types of pneumonia?
CAP (Community-Acquired), HAP (Hospital-Acquired), VAP (Ventilator-Associated), HCAP (Healthcare-Associated).
Sources of infection for pneumonia?
Aspiration, inhalation of microorganisms, bacteremia, contaminated endotracheal tubes.
Mechanism of pneumonia?
Inflammatory response damages bronchial and alveolar membranes, leading to fluid accumulation and VQ mismatching.
