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pathophysiology > obstructive lung diseases and respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

obstructive lung diseases and respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is obstructive lung disease?

A

A group of disorders characterized by airway obstruction, especially during expiration (e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD).

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2
Q

Common manifestations of obstructive lung disease?

A

DOE, wheezing, chronic cough.

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3
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways leading to bronchoconstriction, often triggered by allergens or irritants.

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4
Q

Risk factors for asthma?

A

Age, allergens, air pollution, smoking, recurrent viral infections, GERD, obesity.

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5
Q

Manifestations of asthma?

A

Cough, expiratory wheezing, SOB, exercise intolerance, tachypnea, anxiousness.

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6
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

A condition characterized by chronic, productive cough and mucous hypersecretion for ≥3 months over 2 consecutive years.

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7
Q

Classic signs of chronic bronchitis?

A

DOE with wheezing, productive cough, dusky/cyanotic color (Blue Bloater), polycythemia, prolonged expiration.

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8
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Abnormal enlargement of gas-exchange airways and destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.

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9
Q

Classic signs of emphysema?

A

DOE with wheezing, prolonged expiration, pursed lip breathing, barrel chest, pink skin (Pink Puffers).

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10
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a progressive condition that includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.

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11
Q

Risk factors for COPD?

A

Smoking, second-hand smoke, air pollution, respiratory infections, genetic factors.

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12
Q

Manifestations of COPD?

A

Chronic SOB/DOE, productive cough, barrel chest, clubbing, fatigue, abnormal ABGs.

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13
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnea?

A

A condition causing airway obstruction during sleep, leading to apneic pauses, snoring, and daytime sleepiness.

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14
Q

Classic signs of obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Apneic pauses, snoring, labored breathing, restlessness, daytime sleepiness, chronic mouth breathing.

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15
Q

How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed?

A

H&P, upper airway imaging, sleep study.

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16
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the airways, usually self-limiting, often caused by viruses.

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17
Q

What viruses commonly cause acute bronchitis?

A

Rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, parainfluenza, RSV, etc.

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18
Q

Manifestations of acute bronchitis?

A

Fever, non-productive or productive cough, chills, malaise, chest pain.

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19
Q

How is acute bronchitis diagnosed?

A

H&P, CXR/CT to rule out other causes.

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20
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection of the lower respiratory tract, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites.

21
Q

Risk factors for pneumonia?

A

Advanced age, immunodepression, smoking, alcoholism, dysphagia, underlying lung disease, endotracheal intubation (VAP), etc.

22
Q

Types of pneumonia?

A

CAP (Community-Acquired), HAP (Hospital-Acquired), VAP (Ventilator-Associated), HCAP (Healthcare-Associated).

23
Q

Sources of infection for pneumonia?

A

Aspiration, inhalation of microorganisms, bacteremia, contaminated endotracheal tubes.

24
Q

Mechanism of pneumonia?

A

Inflammatory response damages bronchial and alveolar membranes, leading to fluid accumulation and VQ mismatching.

25
Q

Manifestations of pneumonia?

A

Fever, chills, productive/dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, DOE, hemoptysis, rales/rhonchi.

26
Q

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

A

H&P, CXR/CT, sputum culture, urine antigen test (Legionella).

27
Q

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

A

A pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus.

28
Q

Risk factors for TB?

A

Geographical location, crowded settings, homelessness, substance abuse.

29
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Airborne droplets.

30
Q

What is latent TB?

A

Inactive TB infection that is non-infectious, asymptomatic, and can activate later.

31
Q

Mechanism of TB?

A

Bacteria enter the lungs, form lesions (tubercules), necrosis occurs, scar tissue forms.

32
Q

Manifestations of TB?

A

Fatigue, weight loss, low-grade fevers, night sweats, hemoptysis, DOE, chest pain.

33
Q

How is TB diagnosed?

A

PPD test, AFB culture, CXR/CT (cavitary lesions), serum immunoassay tests.

34
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

Localized destruction of lung parenchyma, often related to aspiration.

35
Q

Mechanism of lung abscesses?

A

Cavitation: abscess empties into a bronchus, forming a cavity.

36
Q

Manifestations of lung abscesses?

A

Fever, chills, foul-smelling sputum, hemoptysis, pleural pain.

37
Q

How are lung abscesses diagnosed?

A

H&P, CT.

38
Q

What is pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A

Partial or full occlusion of a pulmonary vessel, often originating from DVT.

39
Q

Risk factors for PE?

A

Limited mobility, hypercoagulability, oral contraceptives, trauma, genetic factors.

40
Q

Types of emboli?

A

Blood clots, tissue fragments, fat plaque, foreign body, air embolism, amniotic fluid.

41
Q

Manifestations of PE?

A

Acute SOB, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnea/tachycardia, anxiety, right heart strain on ultrasound.

42
Q

How is PE diagnosed?

A

CT w/ contrast, VQ scan, ultrasound.

43
Q

What is pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH)?

A

Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25mmHg at rest, leading to cor pulmonale.

44
Q

Risk factors for PAH?

A

Idiopathic, genetic inheritance, left heart disease, chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD), chronic thromboembolism.

45
Q

Mechanism of PAH?

A

Endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstrictors increase, vascular remodeling reduces vessel lumen size, increased resistance.

46
Q

Manifestations of PAH?

A

Tachypnea, DOE, fatigue, chest discomfort, lightheadedness.

47
Q

How is PAH diagnosed?

A

Right heart catheterization, CXR, CT, US to identify underlying cause.

48
Q

1

A

2

49
Q

What are pulmonary malignancies?

A

Cancers of the lung, such as laryngeal cancer and lung cancer.

pathophysiology (56 decks)

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