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pathophysiology > endocrine conditions 1-7 > Flashcards

endocrine conditions 1-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

A condition characterized by the overproduction of growth hormone (excess GH).

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for acromegaly?

A

Age over 40; affects men and women equally.

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3
Q

What is the etiology of acromegaly?

A

A benign growth-stimulating pituitary tumor.

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4
Q

What are the manifestations of acromegaly?

A

Gradual overgrowth of soft tissues and bones in the hands, feet, face, and head.

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5
Q

What cardiovascular issue is associated with acromegaly?

A

Cardiomegaly, which leads to increased heart size, loss of elasticity, and ineffective pumping.

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6
Q

How does acromegaly affect blood sugar levels?

A

Causes hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acids due to stimulated gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.

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7
Q

What can result from excessive breakdown of fatty acids in acromegaly?

A

Acidosis due to increased acids from breakdown.

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8
Q

How does excessive growth hormone affect insulin sensitivity?

A

Causes hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to compensatory hyperinsulinemia and release of IGF-1.

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9
Q

What methods are used for diagnosing acromegaly?

A

History and physical examination (H&P), elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and oral glucose tolerance test.

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10
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

A decrease or cessation of production of one or more pituitary hormones.

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11
Q

What are some common etiologies of hypopituitarism?

A

Pituitary tumor, head injuries, brain surgery, radiation to head/neck, stroke or bleeding affecting blood flow to the pituitary, high-dose corticosteroids, infections of the brain, and autoimmune diseases.

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12
Q

How do manifestations of hypopituitarism vary?

A

They depend on which pituitary hormone production is impacted.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of growth hormone (GH) deficiency?

A

Fatigue, weakness, changes in body fat composition, lack of ambition, and social isolation.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency?

A

Fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and sensitivity to cold or hypothermia.

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15
Q

What condition is associated with antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency?

A

Diabetes insipidus.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency?

A

Fatigue, hypotension, fainting, frequent and prolonged infections, nausea/vomiting, and confusion.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency in women?

A

Irregular or no periods, loss of pubic hair, and inability to produce milk for breastfeeding.

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of LH and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiency in men?

A

Mood changes, erectile dysfunction, and decreased body hair.

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19
Q

How is hypopituitarism diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P), serum testing of hormone levels, dynamic testing after medications to stimulate hormone production, and brain imaging to look for a tumor.

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20
Q

What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

A condition caused by a deficiency in the production or secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or decreased renal response to ADH.

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21
Q

Is DI related to sugar levels?

A

No, it is an ADH issue, not a sugar issue.

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22
Q

What are some common etiologies of diabetes insipidus?

A

Brain tumor, head injury, brain surgery, CNS infections, and renal damage or disease.

23
Q

What is the classic sign of diabetes insipidus?

A

Excessive urination and excessive thirst.

24
Q

What other manifestations are associated with DI?

A

Generalized weakness and sleep disturbances from excessive urination.

25
Q

What confusion-related symptoms can arise from DI?

A

Confusion due to hypovolemia, hypernatremia, tachycardia, and hypovolemic shock.

26
Q

How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?

A

Through urine specific gravity and osmolality tests, along with tests to differentiate the causes of DI and basic metabolic panel (BMP) tests.

27
Q

What is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

A

A condition characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary despite normal or low plasma osmolality, leading to water retention.

28
Q

What are the risk factors for SIADH?

A

Age over 65 years and a cancer diagnosis.

29
Q

What are some common etiologies of SIADH?

A

Brain tumors, head trauma, meningitis/encephalitis, and certain drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants).

30
Q

What is the classic sign of SIADH?

A

Low urine output combined with increased body weight due to water retention.

31
Q

What are other common manifestations of SIADH?

A

Dyspnea on exertion (DOE), fatigue, and dilutional hyponatremia.

32
Q

How is SIADH diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P), basic metabolic panel (BMP), and simultaneous measurements of urine and serum osmolality.

33
Q

What is a goiter?

A

An enlarged thyroid gland related to insufficient thyroid hormone production.

34
Q

What is the primary etiology of goiter?

A

Usually related to an insufficient amount of iodine in the diet, which is necessary for producing thyroid hormones.

35
Q

How does insufficient iodine lead to goiter formation?

A

Insufficient iodine results in low thyroid hormone production, which increases the release of TSH, causing the thyroid to enlarge in an attempt to capture more iodine for hormone production.

36
Q

What can occur if a goiter becomes toxic?

A

It may begin producing excessive thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism (toxic nodular goiter).

37
Q

What are some risk factors for developing a goiter?

A

Low iodine diets, being female, over 40 years old, personal or family history of autoimmune disease, pregnancy or menopause, usage of amiodarone or lithium, and radiation exposure to the back.

38
Q

What are common manifestations of goiter?

A

A large bulging neck, dysphasia (trouble speaking), dysphagia (trouble swallowing), and/or shortness of breath (SOB).

39
Q

How is goiter diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P), TSH and T4 levels, thyroid scan and uptake (measuring how much isotope is picked up by the thyroid), and ultrasound of the thyroid.

40
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland with sustained increases in the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, leading to increased metabolism and sensitivity to the sympathetic nervous system.

41
Q

What are the primary risk factors for hyperthyroidism?

A

Female gender and age 20-40 years.

42
Q

What is the most common type of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves Disease.

43
Q

What are some common etiologies of hyperthyroidism?

A

Autoimmune disorders (Graves Disease), toxic nodular goiter, excess iodine intake, pituitary tumors, and thyroid cancer.

44
Q

What are the key manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

A

Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, cardiac murmurs, dysrhythmias, angina, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion (DOE), weight loss, diarrhea, increased bowel sounds, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, diaphoresis, fatigue, weakness, agitation, restlessness, fever, intolerance to heat, and exophthalmos (bulging eyes).

45
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed?

A

Through history and physical examination (H&P), low or undetectable TSH levels with elevated thyroxine (T4) levels, thyroid scan and radioiodine uptake test, and thyroid ultrasound.

46
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

A deficiency of thyroid hormone that causes a slowing of the metabolic rate.

47
Q

How common is hypothyroidism compared to hyperthyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism is much more common than hyperthyroidism.

48
Q

What are the primary risk factors for hypothyroidism?

A

Female gender, age over 65 years, critical illness, iodine deficiency, and history of hyperthyroidism treatment.

49
Q

What are the two types of hypothyroidism?

A

Primary (the thyroid is the problem) and Secondary (the pituitary is not producing enough thyroid-stimulating hormone).

50
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Severe, advanced hypothyroidism in which a patient is very symptomatic.

51
Q

What are the key manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, constipation, decreased sweating, pallor, forgetfulness, slow/slurred speech, depression, intolerance to cold, and lethargy.

52
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

A

Through serum TSH and free T4 levels.

53
Q

What are the complications associated with hypothyroidism?

A

Heart failure and infertility issues due to a slow metabolic rate.

pathophysiology (56 decks)

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