problems with electrolytes Flashcards
What is hypernatremia?
Hypernatremia is too much sodium in the body compared to water. It occurs when sodium levels are >145 mEq/L. Common symptoms include dry skin, mucous membranes, hypertension, and increased thirst.
What are early signs of hypernatremia?
Early signs include dry skin and mucous membranes, hypertension, weight gain, decreased urine output, increased thirst, irritability, and weakness.
What are late signs of hypernatremia?
Late signs include confusion, seizures, hyperreflexia, coma, and cerebral hemorrhaging.
What is hyponatremia?
Hyponatremia is a condition where sodium levels are <135 mEq/L, leading to cellular swelling and impacting cellular functions.
What are early signs of hyponatremia?
Early signs include weakness, lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, and depressed reflexes.
What are late signs of hyponatremia?
Late signs include seizures, coma, hypotension, and hypochloremia.
What is hyperchloremia?
Hyperchloremia is an elevated serum chloride level >105 mEq/L. It often occurs with low bicarbonate levels or hypernatremia.
What are common symptoms of hyperchloremia?
Symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, excessive thirst, dry mucous membranes, hypertension, and metabolic acidosis.
What is hypochloremia?
Hypochloremia is a low serum chloride level <95 mEq/L, often caused by vomiting or high suctioning.
What are symptoms of hypochloremia?
Symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypotension, and diarrhea.
What is hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia is a high serum potassium concentration >5 mEq/L, commonly caused by increased potassium intake, decreased renal excretion, or cellular shifts.
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Symptoms include muscle weakness, restlessness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis, ECG changes, and dysrhythmias.
What is hypokalemia?
Hypokalemia is a low serum potassium concentration <3.5 mEq/L caused by reduced intake, increased entry into cells, or increased losses.
What are symptoms of hypokalemia?
Symptoms include muscle weakness, cramps, constipation, hyporeflexia, flaccid paralysis, ECG changes, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
What is hypercalcemia?
Hypercalcemia is a high serum calcium concentration >10.5 mg/dL caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, or excess vitamin D.
What are classic symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Symptoms include muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, abdominal pain, anxiety, and altered mental status.
What is hypocalcemia?
Hypocalcemia is a low serum calcium concentration <8.8 mg/dL caused by low vitamin D, low PTH, or inadequate absorption.
What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Symptoms include Chvostek sign, tetany, seizures, tingling, hyperactive reflexes, intestinal cramping, and arrhythmias.
What is hypermagnesemia?
Hypermagnesemia is a high serum magnesium concentration >3 mEq/L, often due to renal insufficiency or excess magnesium intake.
What are symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension, bradycardia, flushing, lethargy, and dysrhythmias.
What is hypomagnesemia?
Hypomagnesemia is a low serum magnesium concentration <1.8 mEq/L, often caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, or urinary losses.
What are symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Symptoms include hyperreflexia, muscle cramps, confusion, seizures, tremors, irritability, and dysrhythmias.
What is hyperphosphatemia?
Hyperphosphatemia is a high serum phosphate concentration >5 mg/dL caused by renal failure or excess phosphate intake.
What are symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?
Symptoms often relate to hypocalcemia, such as increased neuromuscular excitability, and can lead to complications in bone and cardiovascular health.
