chest wall disorders, pleural abnormalities, restrictive lung diseases, inhaltion disorders - Sheet1 Flashcards
What is the impact of chest wall disorders?
They can compromise chest wall movement, leading to hypoventilation.
What are examples of chest wall disorders?
Blunt trauma (flail chest), kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis), morbid obesity.
What is flail chest?
Instability of a portion of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures, leading to paradoxical chest movement during breathing.
Manifestations of flail chest?
SOB, inward movement of affected area with inspiration, outward movement during expiration, hypoxia, hypercapnia, pain.
How is flail chest diagnosed?
H&P, CXR/CT to evaluate for fractures.
What is pneumothorax?
A collapsed lung. Can be primary (due to bleb rupture) or secondary (from trauma, CPR, emphysema, or iatrogenic causes).
Types of pneumothorax?
Open pneumothorax (air enters pleural space) and tension pneumothorax (life-threatening, air trapped in pleural space).
Manifestations of pneumothorax?
Tachypnea, DOE, pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds on the affected side.
How is pneumothorax diagnosed?
H&P, CXR, CT.
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
Types of pleural effusion?
Transudative (watery), exudative (WBCs, plasma proteins), empyema (pus), hemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymph fluid).
Manifestations of pleural effusion?
SOB, DOE, unilateral rales.
How is pleural effusion diagnosed?
H&P, radiographic studies, diagnostic thoracentesis.
What is empyema?
Pus in the pleural space, often due to pneumonia.
What is aspiration?
Passage of fluid, food, or gastric fluids into the lungs, leading to airway obstruction and pneumonia.
Precipitating factors of aspiration?
Impaired swallow or cough reflex, LOC.
Manifestations of aspiration?
SOB, cough, hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia.
How is aspiration diagnosed?
CXR, CT, bronchoscopy.
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of alveoli, often post-surgery or with pneumonia.
Etiologies of atelectasis?
Compression (tumor, fluid, air), inhalation of anesthetic agents, surfactant impairment.
Manifestations of atelectasis?
Hypoxia, DOE, hypoxemia.
How is atelectasis diagnosed?
H&P, CXR, CT.
What is bronchiectasis?
Persistent dilation of the bronchi, often due to excess mucus, cystic fibrosis, or TB.
Manifestations of bronchiectasis?
Chronic productive cough, SOB, poor PFT results.
How is bronchiectasis diagnosed?
H&P, CXR, CT, PFTs, bronchoscopy.
What is bronchiolitis?
Inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles, common in children, often caused by RSV or toxic gas inhalation.
Manifestations of bronchiolitis?
Respiratory distress, fever, cough, hyperinflated chest, hypoxia.
What is pulmonary fibrosis?
Fibrosis of lung tissue due to repeated injury or chronic exposure.
Precipitating factors of pulmonary fibrosis?
ARDS, TB, immune disorders, inhalation of toxins (e.g., asbestos).
Manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis?
SOB, DOE, coarse crackles, hypoxia.
How is pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?
CXR, CT, bronchoscopy.
What is pulmonary edema?
Excess fluid in the lung, often due to left-sided heart failure, pneumonia, ARDS, or toxic gas inhalation.
Precipitating factors of pulmonary edema?
Left-sided heart failure, pneumonia, ARDS, toxic gas inhalation.
Manifestations of pulmonary edema?
SOB, DOE, hypoxia, crackles, pink frothy sputum.
How is pulmonary edema diagnosed?
CXR, CT.
What is ALI/ARDS?
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are conditions with diffuse alveolocapillary injury and severe hypoxemia.
Phases of ARDS?
Exudative (72h), proliferative (4-21 days), fibrotic (14-21 days).
Manifestations of ARDS?
Severe work of breathing (WOB), hypoxemia, leukocytosis, crackles/rhonchi/wheezing, “whited-out” CXR.
How is ARDS diagnosed?
CXR, CT, ABGs.
