chest wall disorders, pleural abnormalities, restrictive lung diseases, inhaltion disorders - Sheet1 Flashcards
What is the impact of chest wall disorders?
They can compromise chest wall movement, leading to hypoventilation.
What are examples of chest wall disorders?
Blunt trauma (flail chest), kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis), morbid obesity.
What is flail chest?
Instability of a portion of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures, leading to paradoxical chest movement during breathing.
Manifestations of flail chest?
SOB, inward movement of affected area with inspiration, outward movement during expiration, hypoxia, hypercapnia, pain.
How is flail chest diagnosed?
H&P, CXR/CT to evaluate for fractures.
What is pneumothorax?
A collapsed lung. Can be primary (due to bleb rupture) or secondary (from trauma, CPR, emphysema, or iatrogenic causes).
Types of pneumothorax?
Open pneumothorax (air enters pleural space) and tension pneumothorax (life-threatening, air trapped in pleural space).
Manifestations of pneumothorax?
Tachypnea, DOE, pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds on the affected side.
How is pneumothorax diagnosed?
H&P, CXR, CT.
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
Types of pleural effusion?
Transudative (watery), exudative (WBCs, plasma proteins), empyema (pus), hemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymph fluid).
Manifestations of pleural effusion?
SOB, DOE, unilateral rales.
How is pleural effusion diagnosed?
H&P, radiographic studies, diagnostic thoracentesis.
What is empyema?
Pus in the pleural space, often due to pneumonia.
What is aspiration?
Passage of fluid, food, or gastric fluids into the lungs, leading to airway obstruction and pneumonia.
Precipitating factors of aspiration?
Impaired swallow or cough reflex, LOC.
Manifestations of aspiration?
SOB, cough, hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia.
How is aspiration diagnosed?
CXR, CT, bronchoscopy.
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of alveoli, often post-surgery or with pneumonia.
Etiologies of atelectasis?
Compression (tumor, fluid, air), inhalation of anesthetic agents, surfactant impairment.
Manifestations of atelectasis?
Hypoxia, DOE, hypoxemia.
How is atelectasis diagnosed?
H&P, CXR, CT.
What is bronchiectasis?
Persistent dilation of the bronchi, often due to excess mucus, cystic fibrosis, or TB.
Manifestations of bronchiectasis?
Chronic productive cough, SOB, poor PFT results.
