chest wall disorders, pleural abnormalities, restrictive lung diseases, inhaltion disorders - Sheet1

Question 1

What is the impact of chest wall disorders?

Answer 1

They can compromise chest wall movement, leading to hypoventilation.

Question 2

What are examples of chest wall disorders?

Answer 2

Blunt trauma (flail chest), kyphoscoliosis, neuromuscular disorders (e.g., myasthenia gravis), morbid obesity.

Question 3

What is flail chest?

Answer 3

Instability of a portion of the chest wall due to multiple rib fractures, leading to paradoxical chest movement during breathing.

Question 4

Manifestations of flail chest?

Answer 4

SOB, inward movement of affected area with inspiration, outward movement during expiration, hypoxia, hypercapnia, pain.

Question 5

How is flail chest diagnosed?

Answer 5

H&P, CXR/CT to evaluate for fractures.

Question 6

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 6

A collapsed lung. Can be primary (due to bleb rupture) or secondary (from trauma, CPR, emphysema, or iatrogenic causes).

Question 7

Types of pneumothorax?

Answer 7

Open pneumothorax (air enters pleural space) and tension pneumothorax (life-threatening, air trapped in pleural space).

Question 8

Manifestations of pneumothorax?

Answer 8

Tachypnea, DOE, pleuritic chest pain, decreased breath sounds on the affected side.

Question 9

How is pneumothorax diagnosed?

Answer 9

H&P, CXR, CT.

Question 10

What is pleural effusion?

Answer 10

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.

Question 11

Types of pleural effusion?

Answer 11

Transudative (watery), exudative (WBCs, plasma proteins), empyema (pus), hemothorax (blood), chylothorax (lymph fluid).

Question 12

Manifestations of pleural effusion?

Answer 12

SOB, DOE, unilateral rales.

Question 13

How is pleural effusion diagnosed?

Answer 13

H&P, radiographic studies, diagnostic thoracentesis.

Question 14

What is empyema?

Answer 14

Pus in the pleural space, often due to pneumonia.

Question 15

What is aspiration?

Answer 15

Passage of fluid, food, or gastric fluids into the lungs, leading to airway obstruction and pneumonia.

Question 16

Precipitating factors of aspiration?

Answer 16

Impaired swallow or cough reflex, LOC.

Question 17

Manifestations of aspiration?

Answer 17

SOB, cough, hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia.

Question 18

How is aspiration diagnosed?

Answer 18

CXR, CT, bronchoscopy.

Question 19

What is atelectasis?

Answer 19

Collapse of alveoli, often post-surgery or with pneumonia.

Question 20

Etiologies of atelectasis?

Answer 20

Compression (tumor, fluid, air), inhalation of anesthetic agents, surfactant impairment.

Question 21

Manifestations of atelectasis?

Answer 21

Hypoxia, DOE, hypoxemia.

Question 22

How is atelectasis diagnosed?

Answer 22

H&P, CXR, CT.

Question 23

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 23

Persistent dilation of the bronchi, often due to excess mucus, cystic fibrosis, or TB.

Question 24

Manifestations of bronchiectasis?

Answer 24

Chronic productive cough, SOB, poor PFT results.

Question 25

How is bronchiectasis diagnosed?

Answer 25

H&P, CXR, CT, PFTs, bronchoscopy.

Question 26

What is bronchiolitis?

Answer 26

Inflammatory obstruction of the bronchioles, common in children, often caused by RSV or toxic gas inhalation.

Question 27

Manifestations of bronchiolitis?

Answer 27

Respiratory distress, fever, cough, hyperinflated chest, hypoxia.

Question 28

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 28

Fibrosis of lung tissue due to repeated injury or chronic exposure.

Question 29

Precipitating factors of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 29

ARDS, TB, immune disorders, inhalation of toxins (e.g., asbestos).

Question 30

Manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 30

SOB, DOE, coarse crackles, hypoxia.

Question 31

How is pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?

Answer 31

CXR, CT, bronchoscopy.

Question 32

What is pulmonary edema?

Answer 32

Excess fluid in the lung, often due to left-sided heart failure, pneumonia, ARDS, or toxic gas inhalation.

Question 33

Precipitating factors of pulmonary edema?

Answer 33

Left-sided heart failure, pneumonia, ARDS, toxic gas inhalation.

Question 34

Manifestations of pulmonary edema?

Answer 34

SOB, DOE, hypoxia, crackles, pink frothy sputum.

Question 35

How is pulmonary edema diagnosed?

Answer 35

CXR, CT.

Question 36

What is ALI/ARDS?

Answer 36

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are conditions with diffuse alveolocapillary injury and severe hypoxemia.

Question 37

Phases of ARDS?

Answer 37

Exudative (72h), proliferative (4-21 days), fibrotic (14-21 days).

Question 38

Manifestations of ARDS?

Answer 38

Severe work of breathing (WOB), hypoxemia, leukocytosis, crackles/rhonchi/wheezing, “whited-out” CXR.

Question 39

How is ARDS diagnosed?

Answer 39

CXR, CT, ABGs.